File Coverage

blib/lib/Lingua/PT/Conjugate.pm

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	188	479	39.2
branch	131	356	36.8
condition	72	274	26.2
subroutine	13	28	46.4
pod	0	20	0.0
total	404	1157	34.9

#!/usr/bin/perl -w
#
# Perl package exporting a function "conjug" that conjugates
# Portuguese verbs.
#
# Author : Etienne Grossmann ([e-mail])
#
# Date   : May 1997 onwards.
#
# The verb data base is at the end of this file.
#
# Changes :
#  6/30/97 - Verbos Abundantes.
#  7/01/97 - Verbos Defectivos.
# 12/27/97 - Iso 8859 Accents.
# 01    98 - Renaming of conj.pm as Lingua/PT/Conjugate.pm and
#            likewise for other files.
#          - Make iso-accents the default, use them in verb database
#            and source files.
#          - Added double-past-participles that I had forgotten about.
#          - Verb database as a string, is at the end of this file.
#          - put use //o  whenever possible, as suggested by Eryq
#
# 02    98 - Recognize long forms of verbs
#          - Derivatives of "ter" (ugly fix)
# 03    98 - A few fixes, cleaned up code.
# 05    98 - A few more "defective" verbs.
# 11    98 - Include Accent_iso_8859_1.pm within Conjugate.pm
#          - Call it version 0.90.
#          - Add targets 'treinar.pl', 'conjug.pl', that
#            are truly standalone, in the sense that they don't
#            require Lingua::PT::Conjugate to be installed.
# 12    98 - A few past participles in 'uido' didn't have the required
#            accent. Fixed.
#  3    99 - Options 'o' (comma-separated result) and 'l' (long format
#            for verb names)
#          - Fix installation of Lingua::PT::Conjugate.
#  5    99 - Minor doc fixes
#  6    99 - Portability of t/test.t fixed by cpan-tester Lupe.
#  8    99 - Miguel Marques  noticed
#            that 'cegar' had a wrong and ugly past participle. And
#            another bug too. And that 'Lingua::PT::conjug()' should
#            be able to return a hash. This is already possible, but I
#            hadn't documented it. All this is fixed in Version
#            1.01. Also, some tests have been added.
#          - Put second person plural in 1.02, as suggested by
#            Miguel, and fixed all bugs I found. I doubt 2nd plural is
#            always correct.
#          - 1.03 : Code cleaning and commenting, fixed doc.
#  9    99 - 1.04 : Imperativo of second plural follows a simple rule
#            which I had overlooked. Fixed. Some places where
#            "Diciónario Online da Lingua Portuguesa" (DLPO) and "Guia
#            Prática dos Verbos Portugueses" (GPVP) differ have been
#            docummented in the verb database at end of this file.
#
# 12  2000 - Incorporate Unconjugate-related stuff
# 10  2002 - A few fixes in verbs
# 08  2013 - Start printing in utf8
# 06  2014 - Strings in utf8.
#
# See recent changes in file ChangeLog

$VERSION = '1.20' ;

# Just to make sure which file is loaded
# BEGIN{ print "SEE THIS ???\n",`pwd` }

package Lingua::PT::Conjugate;

#
# Accent_iso_8859_1.pm
# Author          : Etienne Grossmann
# Created On      : December 1997
# Last Modified On: January  1998
# Language        : Perl
# Status          : Use with caution!
#
# (C) Copyright 1998 Etienne Grossmann
#
#
#              Convert to-from iso accent
# 01/10/97
# Bug : 'e   -(iso2asc)->  'e   -(asc2iso)->  chr(233)!="'e"
# Fix : iso2asc("'")  == "' "
#       asc2iso("' ") == "'"
#

package Lingua::PT::Accent_iso_8859_1;
# Not needed? use feature 'unicode_strings';
use utf8;
use Exporter ;
@ISA = qw(Exporter);
# Yes, this package is a namespace polluter.
@EXPORT = qw(iso2asc asc2iso un_accent);
@EXPORT_OK = qw( iso2ascii ascii2iso );
%iso2ascii = (
           "\'"     =>"' ",
           chr(0347)=>'\c',

           chr( 224)=>'`a',
           chr( 225)=>'\'a',
           chr( 226)=>'^a',
           chr( 227)=>'~a',

           chr( 232)=>'`e',
           chr( 233)=>'\'e',
           chr( 234)=>'^e',

           chr( 236)=>'`i',
           chr( 237)=>'\'i',
           chr( 238)=>'^i',

           chr( 211)=>'\'O',
           chr( 242)=>'`o',
           chr( 243)=>'\'o',
           chr( 244)=>'^o',
           chr( 245)=>'~o',

           chr( 249)=>'`u',
           chr( 250)=>'\'u',
           chr( 251)=>'^u',
           );
%ascii2iso = reverse %iso2ascii;
%ascii2iso_keys = (
            "\' "     =>"'",
           '\\\\c'=>chr(0347),

           '\`a'=>chr( 224),
           '\'a'=>chr( 225),
           '\^a'=>chr( 226),
           '\~a'=>chr( 227),

           '\`e'=>chr( 232),
           '\'e'=>chr( 233),
           '\^e'=>chr( 234),

           '\`i'=>chr( 236),
           '\'i'=>chr( 237),
           '\^i'=>chr( 238),

           '\'O'=>chr( 211),
           '\`o'=>chr( 242),
           '\'o'=>chr( 243),
           '\^o'=>chr( 244),
           '\~o'=>chr( 245),

           '\`u'=>chr( 249),
           '\'u'=>chr( 250),
           '\^u'=>chr( 251),

              );
# Accent-matching regexp
$find_iso_accent = "[".join("",keys(%iso2ascii))."]";

# Accent-matching regexp
$find_ascii_accent = join("|",keys(%ascii2iso_keys));

# Crude code
sub un_accent
{
    ## return unless(defined @_);
    return unless @_;
    my @a=@_;
    iso2asc(map {s/[\'\`\^\~]([aAeEiIoOuU])/$1/g; $_} @a)
}

sub iso2asc {
    my ($x,@res);

#    print "iso2asc : ";
    while( $#_ >=0 ){
        $x = shift @_ ;
#        print "$x, ";
        $x=~s/($find_iso_accent)/$iso2ascii{$1}/g if defined($x);
        push @res,$x;
    }
#    print "\n";
    $#res || wantarray ? @res : $res[0] ;
}

sub asc2iso {
    my ($x,@res);

#    print " N args $#_ \n";
#    print "\nrrr",join("RRR\nRRR",@_),"rrr\n";
    while( $#_>=0 ){
        $x = shift @_;
        $x=~s/($find_ascii_accent)/$ascii2iso{$1}/g if $x;
        push @res,$x;
    }
#    print "\n SSS ",join("sss \n sss ",@res)," SSS \n";
    $#res ? @res : $res[0] ;
}

1;
package Lingua::PT::Conjugate ;

import Lingua::PT::Accent_iso_8859_1 qw(iso2asc asc2iso un_accent);
use Exporter ;
@ISA = qw(Exporter);
# Yes, this package is a namespace polluter.
@EXPORT = qw(conjug env_is_utf8);

@EXPORT_OK = qw( cedilla codify end_gu end_oiar end_uir
				 end_zer hard_c hard_g list_verbs locate same_model
				 soft_c soft_g tabcol tabrow verbify verify @tense
				 %tense %alt_tense %long_tense %endg %reg %verb
				 @regverb $vpat $cpat $wpat $vlist $letter );

# ##################### THE NAMES OF THE TENSES ##########################
# Various alternative ways of specifying tenses
# No accentuated characters
%alt_tense= ("presente" =>"pres",
			 "perfeito" =>"perf",
			 "imperfeito"  =>"imp",
			 "futuro"  =>"fut",
			 "mais-que-perfeito"=>"mdp",
			 "mais que perfeito"=>"mdp",
			 "mais"  =>{"que"=>{"perfeito"=>"mdp"}},
			 "conjuntivo"=>{"presente"=>"cpres",
					"imperfeito"=>"cimp",
					"futuro"=>"cfut",
					"pres"=>"cpres",
					"imp"=>"cimp",
					"fut"=>"cfut"},
			 "conjuntivo presente"=>"cpres",
			 "conjuntivo imperfeito"=>"cimp",
			 "conjuntivo futuro"=>"cfut",
			 "condicional" =>"cond",
			 "imperativo"  =>"ivo",
			 "participio"=>{"passado"=>"pp"}, #'
			 "participio passado"=>"pp", #'
			 "gerundivo"  =>"grd" ,
			 "pres"=>"pres",
			 "perf"=> "perf",
			 "imp"=>"imp",
			 "fut"=>"fut",
			 "mdp"=>"mdp",
			 "cpres"=>"cpres",
			 "cimp"=>"cimp",
			 "cfut"=>"cfut",
			 "cond"=>"cond",
			 "ivo"=>"ivo",
			 "pp"=>"pp",
			 "grd"=>"grd",
			);

# Full tense names
%long_tense= ("pres" =>"presente",
			  "perf" =>"perfeito",
			  "imp"  =>"imperfeito",
			  "fut"  =>"futuro",
			  "mdp"=>"mais-que-perfeito",
			  "cpres"=>"conjuntivo presente",
			  "cimp"=>"conjuntivo imperfeito",
			  "cfut"=>"conjuntivo futuro",
			  "cond" =>"condicional",
			  "ivo"  =>"imperativo",
			  "pp"=>"particípio passado", #'
			  "grd"  =>"gerundivo" ,
			 );


# WARNING : $tense[9,] eq "ivo" is assumed in verbify() below.
# WARNING : $tense[10,11] assumed to be partic'ipiopassado and
# gerundivo in verbify() below.




# Tenses
# # DONT PUT IT IN BEGIN{
@tense =qw{ pres perf imp fut mdp  cpres cimp cfut cond ivo pp grd };
%tense = qw{ pres 1 perf 2 imp 3 fut 4 mdp 5 cpres 6 cimp 7 cfut 8
			 cond 9 ivo 10 pp 11 grd 12 };

%empty = ("pres",[],"perf",[],"imp",[],"fut",[],"mdp",[],
		  "cpres",[],"cimp",[],"cfut",[],"cond",[],"ivo",[],
		  "pp",[],"grd",[]);

sub strHash
{
    my $a = $_[0];
    "{ " . join (", ", map {"'".$_."' => '".$a{$_}."'"} sort keys %$a) . " }";
}

# ####################### VOCALS, CONSONANTS #####################
# Vocals and Consonants
$vocs = "aeiouáàäâãéèëêíìïîóòöôõúùüû";
$plainvoc = "aeiou";
$accvoc = "áàäâãéèëêíìïîóòöôõúùüû";
# Char => accent
$only_acc =
  {split("",$foo="á\'à\`ä\"â\^ã\~é\'è\`ë\"ê^í\'ì\`ï\"î\^ó\'ò\`ö\"ô\^õ\~ú\'ù\`ü\"û\^")};

#print "only_acc = '", join("', '",%$only_acc), "'\n";
#print "only_acc = ",strHash($only_acc),"\n";
#print "foo='$foo' = >>",join("<>",split("",$foo)),"<<\n";
# Char => unaccentuated
$no_acc =
  {split("","áaàaäaâaãaéeèeëeêeíiìiïiîióoòoöoôoõoúuùuüuûu")};
$vpat = "[$vocs]";
$cons = 'qwrtypsdfghjklzxcvbnm';
$cpat = "(?:[$cons]+|ç|gu)";
$wpat = "[ç$vocs$cons]";
$letter = "ç$vocs$cons";

# pres perf imp fut mdp  cpres cimp cfut cond ivo pp grd
# ##############  REGULAR EXPRESSIONS THAT MATCH VERB ENDINGS ############
%endg = %{verbify( q"
      o   [aeiín]s  [aeim] [eaioí]mos [ae]?[ií]s [ae]m,
      e?[íis]   [aeií]ste  [eio][us] [aeií]mos [aeií]stes [aeií]ram,
      (?:av|i)?a   (?:av|i)?as   (?:av|i)?a (?:av|áv|í|i)?[aá]mos
      (?:av|áv|í|i)?[aá]?eis (?:av|i)?am,
      [aeio]rei [aeio]r[aá]s [aeio]r[aáâ] [aeio]r[ae]mos [aeio]reis
      [aeio]rão,
      [aeií]ra [aeií]ras [aeií]ra [aeiâáêéîí]ramos [aeiaeiâáêéîí]reis [aeií]ram,
      [aeo] [ae]s [ae] [ae]mos [aei]s [ae]m,
      [aeí]sse [aeí]sses [aeí]sse [aeâáêéí]ssemos [aeiâáêéîí]sseis [aeí]ssem,
      [aei]r [aeií]res [aei]r [aei]rmos [aei]rdes [aeií]rem,
      [aeio]ria [aeio]rias [aeio]ria [aeio]r[iíî]amos
      [aeio]r[aeioâáêéîíóòô]eis [aeio]riam,
      [aeim] [ae] [ae]mos (?:i|de|í) [ae]m ,
      (?:[aií]do|to) , [aeio]ndo "
				 )};

# print join(",",%endg);
# exit;

# #################### REGULAR VERBS ENDINGS ####################
# pres perf imp fut mdp  cpres cimp cfut cond ivo pp grd
%reg = (
		"er" => verbify( q{
		  o   es     e emos eis em,
		  i   este  eu emos estes eram,
		  ia   ias   ia íamos íeis iam,
		  erei erás erá eremos ereis erão,
		  era eras era êramos êreis eram,
		  a as a amos ais am,
		  esse esses esse êssemos êsseis essem,
		  er eres er ermos erdes erem,
		  eria erias eria eríamos eríeis eriam,
		  e a amos ei am ,
		  ido , endo ,
		}) ,

# pres perf imp fut mdp  cpres cimp cfut cond ivo pp grd
		"ar" => verbify( q{
		  o   as     a  amos  ais     am ,
		  ei   aste  ou  amos  astes  aram ,
		  ava   avas  ava  ávamos áveis avam ,
		  arei arás ará aremos  areis  arão,
		  ara aras ara áramos áreis aram ,
		  e es e emos eis em ,
		  asse  asses asse ássemos ásseis assem,
		  ar ares ar armos ardes arem,
		  aria arias aria aríamos aríeis ariam,
		  a e emos ai em ,
		  ado , ando ,
		} ),

# pres perf imp fut mdp  cpres cimp cfut cond ivo pp grd
		"ir" => verbify( q{
		  o   es     e  imos   is    em ,
		  i   iste  iu  imos   istes  iram ,
		  ia   ias   ia  íamos íeis iam ,
		  irei irás irá iremos ireis  irão,
		  ira iras ira íramos íreis iram,
		  a as a amos ais am,
		  isse isses isse íssemos ísseis issem,
		  ir ires ir irmos irdes irem,
		  iria irias iria iríamos iríeis iriam,
		  e a amos i am ,
		  ido , indo ,
		} ),

		"or" => verbify(q{
		  onho ões õe omos ondes õem ,
		  us useste ôs usemos usestes useram ,
		  unha unhas unha únhamos únheis unham,
		  orei orás orá oremos oreis orão,
		  usera useras usera uséramos uséreis useram,
		  onha onhas onha onhamos onhais onham,
		  usesse usesses usesse uséssemos uésseis usessem,
		  user useres user usermos userdes userem,
		  oria orias oria oríamos oríeis oriam,
		  õe onha onhamos onde onham
		  pp osto grd ondo
		}),
	   );

# ################# AUXILIARY OR COMMON VERBS ##################
# pres perf imp fut mdp  cpres cimp cfut cond ivo pp grd
%verb = (
		 "ter"=>verbify( q{
		   tenho tens tem temos tendes têm ,
		   tive tiveste teve tivemos tivestes tiveram,
		   tinha tinhas tinha tínhamos tínheis tinham,
		   terei terás terá teremos tereis terão,
		   tivera tiveras tivera tivéramos tivéreis tiveram,
		   tenha tenhas tenha tenhamos tenhais tenham,
		   tivesse tivesses tivesse tivéssemos tivésseis tivessem,
		   tiver tiveres tiver tivermos tiverdes tiverem,
		   cond teria terias teria teríamos teríeis teriam,
		   ivo tem tenha tenhamos tende tenham ,
		   tido tendo
		 } ),

		 "ser"=>verbify( q{
		   sou és é somos sois são,
		   fui foste foi fomos fostes foram,
		   era eras era éramos éreis eram,
		   serei serás será seremos sereis serão ,
		   fora foras fora fôramos fôreis foram ,
		   seja sejas seja sejamos sejais sejam,
		   fosse fosses fosse fôssemos fôsseis fossem,
		   for fores for formos fordes forem,
		   seria serias seria seríamos seríeis seriam,
		   sê seja sejamos sede sejam,
		   sido sendo
		 } ),

		 "estar"=>verbify( q{
		   estou estás está estamos estais estão,
		   estive estiveste esteve estivemos estivestes estiveram,
		   estava estavas estava estávamos estáveis estavam,
		   estarei estarás estará estaremos estareis estarão,
		   estivera estiveras estivera estivéramos estivéreis estiverãm,
		   esteja estejas esteja estejamos estejais estejam,
		   estivesse estivesses estivesse estivéssemos estivésseis estivessem,
		   estiver estiveres estiver estivermos estiverdes estiverem,
		   estaria estarias estaríamos estaríeis estariam,
		   está estéja estejamos estai estejam,
		   estado estando
		 } ),

		 "haver"=>verbify( q{
		   hei hás há havemos haveis hão,
		   houve houveste houve houvemos houvestes houveram,
		   havia havias havia havíamos havíeis haviam,
		   haverei haverás haverá haveremos havereis haverão,
		   houvera houveras houvera houvéramos houvéreis houveram,
		   haja hajas haja hajamos hajais hajam,
		   houvesse houvesses houvesse houvéssemos houvésseis houvessem,
		   houver houveres houver houvermos houverdes houverem,
		   haveria haverias haveria haveríamos haveríeis haveriam,
		   hajas haja hajamos havei hajam, havido  havendo
		 } ),

		 # pres perf imp fut mdp  cpres cimp cfut cond ivo pp grd
		 "pôr"=>verbify( q{  pôr
		     ponho pões põe pomos pondes põem ,
  		     pus puseste pôs pusemos pusestes puseram ,
 		     punha punhas punha púnhamos púnheis punham,
		     porei porás porá poremos poreis porão,
   		     pusera puseras pusera puséramos puséreis puseram,
		     ponha ponhas ponha ponhamos ponhais ponham,
		     cimp pusesse pusesses pusesse puséssemos pusésseis pusessem,
		     puser puseres puser pusermos puserdes puserem,
          	     poria porias poria poríamos poríeis poriam,
 		     põe ponha ponhamos ponde ponham
        	     pp posto grd pondo
		     }),

	 );

#  A few regular verbs
@regverb = qw{ receitar viver andar partir fintar fracturar guiar
			   habituar garantir iludir imitir infundir inquirir
			   insistir infringir infligir impingir insurgir
			   intermitir irromper };

########################## SOME CODE, at last ########################

# Specify that $_[0] is the model of conjugation for @_[1,$#_].
# Usage :
# same_model('model verb1 verb2 ...')
# same_model('model','verb1','verb2'...)
# same_model( \%verb_hash, 'model verb1 verb2 ...')
# same_model( \%verb_hash, 'model','verb1','verb2',...)
sub same_model {

  my $verb = ( ref($_[0]) eq "HASH") ? shift  : \%verb ;
  @_ = map {split /\s+/ }   @_ ;
  my $m = shift;
  # print "Same model $m ",join(",",@_),"\n";
  foreach (@_) { $verb->{$_}->{model} = $m   }
}

# Convert a single verb entry in "$vlist" format into a %verb hash.
sub verbify {

  my ($a,$t,$tc,$p,%res,$x,$y,$root,$edg,@accent);
  $t = $tense[$tc=0];			# $tc = current tense, $t = it's name
  $p = 0;						# $p = current person.

  %res = ();					# %empty;

  $a = $_[0];					# Take in the arg

  $a =~ s/,/ , /g;				# prepare for split
  $a =~ s/^\s+//;
  $a =~ s/\s+$//;
  @_ = split(/\s+/,$a);			# Replace @_

  # print "verbify >$a<\n";

  # There may not be a root, see e.g. initial calls to verbify.
  if( $_[0] =~ /([aeioô]r)$/ ){


	  # Extract Root and Ending
	  $edg  = $1;
	  $root = shift;
	  $root =~ s/..$//;
	  # print "verbifying >> $root , $edg <<\n";
  }

  # print "Verbifying $_[0]\n";
  while($_ = shift) {

	  warn "Verbify : problem with tc : $tc" if $tc>$#tense ;
	  warn "Verbify : no tense defined  "    unless defined $t ;

	  s/^\s*//;
	  warn "Chomp1" if chomp($_); # This code should be removed

	  # The current verb follows a model
	  if($_ eq "model"){
		  warn "Model not found in verbify" unless $_ = shift ;
		  s/^\s*//;
		  warn "Chomp2" if chomp($_); # This code should be removed

		  $res{model} = $_ ;
		  next;
	  }

	  # Start a new tense
	  if(defined($tense{$_}) || ("$_" eq ",") || $p==6 ){

		  # All persons passed
		  $p6 = (! defined($tense{$_}) && ("$_" ne ","))? 1 : 0;

		  if($p==5){				# If no 2nd person plural was found
			  $res{$t}->[5] = $res{$t}->[4] ;
			  $res{$t}->[4] = undef ;		# MODIF 082899
		  }
		  # Ready for next tense
		  $p = 0;
		  if(defined($tense{$t=$_})){ # Advance $tc to the specified tense
			  for( $tc=0 ; "$tense[$tc]" ne "$t" ; $tc++ ){};
			  # print "Tense $t\n";

		  } else {					# .. or just increment $tc
			  $tc++;
			  $t = $tense[$tc] ;
		  }
		  next unless $p6;

		  # HERE CAREFUL if @tense changes . This is "grd"
	  }  elsif( ($tc==10) && ($p==1)  ){

		  $p = 0;
		  $tc++ ;
		  $t = $tense[$tc];

	  } elsif( ($tc==9) && ($p==0) ){

		  # Safer, but slower
		  # if( ($tense{$tc} eq "ivo" ) && ($p==0) );

		  $p++ ;

		  # Build default, if possible
	  } elsif( $_ eq "etc" && $edg && $p && ($x=$res{$t}->[$p-1])   ){

		  # If last input matches a regular model, adopt that model
		  $edg2 = $edg;
		  my $e;
		  if( $x !~ / $reg{$edg}->{$t}->[$p-1] $/x ) {
			  foreach $e ("ir","ar","er") {
				  if( $x =~ / $reg{$e}->{$t}->[$p-1] $/x ){
					  $edg2=$e; last;
				  }
			  }
		  }
		  $x =~ s/ $reg{$edg2}->{$t}->[$p-1] $//x;
		  $x =~ s/ [e]+ $//x;

		  while( $p < 6 ){
			  $res{$t}->[$p] = $x . $reg{$edg2}->{$t}->[$p] unless
				  $p==3 && $reg{$edg2}->{$t}->[$p] =~ /^i/ &&
					  $x =~ /i([$cons]{1,2}|ç|gu)$/o   ;
			  # print "$t , $p , $res{$t}->[$p] <<\n";
			  $p++;
		  }

		  $p = 5  ;
		  $_ = ".";
	  }   elsif( $_ eq "acc" && $root && $edg ){
		  push @accent, $t;
		  next;
	  }

	  warn "Verbify problem root=$root, $_, $t, $tc "
		  unless defined($tense{$t}) ;

	  # $res{$t}->[$p] = $_  if defined($_) and "$_" ne ".";
	  $res{$t}->[$p] = $_   if "$_" ne ".";
	  $p++;
  }
  if($p==5){
#      if( $t ne "ivo" )
#      {
	  $res{$t}->[5] = $res{$t}->[4] ;
	  $res{$t}->[4] = undef ;		# MODIF 082899
#      } else
#      {
#	  chop( $res{$t}->[4] = $root  ) ;
#	  ( $res{$t}->[4] .= "i" ) =~ s/ii$/i/ ;
#      }
  }

  foreach $t (@accent){
	# $|=1;
	# !!! HERE : Would be great not to do call conjug
	$res{$t}->[3] = conjug({"$root$edg"=>\%res},"s","$root$edg",$t,4);
	# Before iso-accentuating all
	# $res{$t}->[3] =~ tr/\'\^/\^\'/ ;
	$res{$t}->[3] =~ tr/áéíâêî/âêîáéí/ ;
  }
  \%res;

}								# End verbify

# Read a string in the format of $vlist, and put the equivalent data
# in a %verb hash.
sub codify {

  my ($r,$v,$c,$f,$tmp,@s) = ("","","")  ;

  my $verb = ( ref($_[0]) eq "HASH") ? shift  : \%verb ;

  $_ = join("",@_);

  s/\#.*$//m;
  s/^\s+//m;
  s/\s+$//m;

  # @s = split(/(\w+)[\s\n]*([:=])/,$_ );
  # @s = split(/([\w\\\"\^\'\~]+)[\s\n]*([:=])/,$_ ); #'"
  # @s = split(/($wpat+)[\s\n]*([:=])/,$_ ); #'
  # @s = grep {/\S/} split(/([^=:])[\s\n]*([=:])[\s\n]*/,$_ ); #'
  @s = split(/[\s\n]*([=:])[\s\n]*([^=:]+)[\s\n]+([^=:]+)/,$_ ); #'
  @s = grep {/\S/} @s;
  # print " $#s \n";
  $s[$#s-1] .= pop @s;


  $v=shift @s;
  $v = shift @s unless $v;
  while( ($c=shift @s) && ($c!~/[:=]/) ){ # Skip if needed
	warn " codify first finds : >$v<, then >$c< \n";
	$v=$c;
  }

  $r= shift @s;


  while ( $c && $c=~/[:=]/ && $v && $r ){
	# print "codify loop : >$v< >$c< >$r< \n";

	if($r=~/[:=]/){warn "codify finds \$r = >$r< \n"}
	if($c eq ":"){

	  $tmp = verbify( "$v $r " );
	  @{$verb->{$v}}{keys(%$tmp)} =  values(%$tmp);

    } elsif( $v =~ /defectivos([1234])?/){
		my $dnum = $1 ;
	  # print "found defective -- $v,$dnum,$r --\n";
	  foreach (split(/\s+/,$r)){
		s/[\n\s]+//g;
		next unless $_;
		# print "found defective >>$v,$dnum,$_<<\n" if /abolir/ || /demolir/ ;
		# $verb->{"defectivos". ($dnum eq "3" ? "": "$dnum")}->{"$v"}= $dnum ;
		# print " Def $v,$dnum,defectivos",($dnum eq "3") ? "": "$dnum","\n";
		# $verb->{defectivos}->{"$v"} = ($dnum eq "3") ? "$v" : $dnum;
		$verb->{"defectivos". ($dnum eq "3" ? "": "$dnum")}->{"$_"}= $dnum ;
		# print " Def $v,$dnum,defectivos",($dnum eq "3") ? "": "$dnum","\n";
		$verb->{defectivos}->{"$v"} = ($dnum eq "3") ? "$_" : $dnum;
		$verb->{defectivos}->{"$_"} = ($dnum eq "3") ? "$_" : $dnum;
		my $tmpmodel = $verb->{$v}->{model} ;
		delete($verb->{$v}) ;
		$verb->{$v} = conjug($v) ;
		$verb->{$v}->{model} = $tmpmodel if defined($tmpmodel) ;
		# print "defective :: ",join(",",keys(%{$verb->{defectivos}})),"\n" if /abolir/ || /demolir/ ;
	  }

    } else {
		# print "same_model : $v, $r\n" if $v =~ /abolir/ || $r =~ /demolir/ ;
      same_model($verb, "$v $r " ) ;
    }
    $v=shift @s; $c=shift @s;
    $r= shift @s;
  }
  if(@s){
	warn "codify leaves out $#s elements, of which >$v< >$c< >$r< \n";
  }

}								# End codify

# ### Make a list of knows verb names in the global variable \%verb.
sub list_verbs {

  my ($r,$v,$c,$f,$tmp,@s) = ("","","")  ;

  my $verb =  \%verb ;
  my @res;

  $_ = $vlist;

  s/\#.*$//m;
  s/^\s+//m;
  s/\s+$//m;

  # @s = split(/(\w+)[\s\n]*([:=])/,$_ );
  # @s = split(/([\w\\\"\^\'\~]+)[\s\n]*([:=])/,$_ );"
  @s = split(/([$wpat]+)[\s\n]*([:=])/o,$_ ); #
  $v=shift @s;
  while( ($c=shift @s) && ($c!~/[:=]/) ){$v=$c;}

  $r= shift @s;

  while ( $c && $c=~/[:=]/ && $v && $r ){

    if($c eq ":"){
	  push(@res,$v);
    } elsif( $v =~ /defectivos([1234])?/){
	  foreach (split(/\s+/,$r)){
		s/[\n\s]+//g;
		next unless $_;
		# print "found defective >>$v,$1,$_<<\n";
		# $verb->{"defectivos". ($1 eq "3" ? "": "$1")}->{"$v"}= $1 ;
		# print " Def $v,$1,defectivos",($1 eq "3") ? "": "$1","\n";
		# $verb->{defectivos}->{"$v"} = ($1 eq "3") ? "$v" : $1;
		push(@res,$v);
	  }

    } else {
	  push @res,split(/\s+/,$r);
    }
    $v=shift @s; $c=shift @s;
    $r= shift @s;
  }
  @res;
}


# verify( reference_string, [%verb] )
# Compares the reference string with the output of conjug.
sub verify {
  my ($errcnt,$r,$v,$c,$e,$f,$d,$d2,@s,@t,@u) =
	(0,     "","","","","","","")  ;
  @s=@t=@u=();

  # $w will contain the complaints
  my ($res,$w,@ckd) = ("","");

  # print "Verify $#_ , \n", join(", ", @_ ),"\n";
  $_ = shift ;
  # Verb hash
  my $verb = ( ref($_[0]) eq "HASH") ? shift  : \%verb ;

  s/\#.*$//m;
  s/^\s+//m;
  s/\s+$//m;

  # print "Ver1 >$verb< ",($verb==\%verb)?"(\%verb)":"","\n";
  # @s = split(/(\w+)[\s\n]*([:=])/,$_ );
  # @s = split(/([\w\\]+)[\s\n]*([:=])/,$_ );

  # Split into verb, separator, definition
  @s = split(/($wpat+)[\s\n]*([:=])/o,$_ );

  # print "Ver2 ",join(", ",@s);

                                # Find first verb
  $v=shift @s;
  while( @s && ($c=shift @s) && ($c!~/[:=]/) ){$v=$c}

  # @u = reference of conjugation : One element = one tense
  @u= split("\n",shift @s);
  shift(@u) ;					# First elt is empty


  while ( $c && $c=~/[:=]/ && $v && @u ){


	if($c eq ":"){
	  # !!! HERE : Would be great not to do call conjug
	  @t = split("\n",conjug(  $verb,"x" , $v ));
	  shift @t;

	  while ( defined($e=shift @u) && defined($d=shift @t) ){

		  # Remove extra spaces
	      $e =~ s/\s+/ /g; $e =~ s/^\s+//; $e =~ s/\s+$//;
	      $d =~ s/\s+/ /g; $d =~ s/^\s+//; $d =~ s/\s+$//;
	      chomp $e; chomp $d ;
	      $d2 = $d;
	      $d2 =~ s/\\/\\\\/g;
	      $d2 =~ s/([^\\])([\'\"\^\~])/$1\\$2/g; #'"
	      # $d2 =~ s/([^\\])([\'\"\^\~])/$1\\$2/g;#'"
	      $w .= join("", tabcol(-2,[
					sprintf("  %3d ",++$errcnt),
					split(/\s+/,$d),
					"  REF ", split(/\s+/,$e)] ) )
		  if ($e !~ /$d2/);
	      # print ">$e<\n>$d2<\n" if ($e !~ /$d2/);a
	  }
	  if($#u>=0){
	      $w .= "   ABS ".join("\n   ABS ",@u)."\n"
	  }
	  if($#t>=0){
		$w .= "   EXC ".join("\n   EXC ",@t)."\n"
	  }
	  if( $w ) {
		$res .= "IN $v ".
		  ( defined($verb->{$v}->{model}) ?
			"model   $verb->{$v}->{model}" : "" )
			."\n$w\n" ;
	  } else {
		push @ckd, $v;
	  }
	}

	( $v, $c, @u ) = (@s) ?
	  ( shift @s, shift @s, split("\n",shift @s)):
		("","",()) ;
	shift(@u) ;

	$w="";
	$errcnt = 0;
  }
  # print " $v, $c, $#u, $#s \n";
  $w = join(" ",sort(@ckd));
  $w =~ s/(.{80}\S+)/$1\nOK /g;
  $res .= "OK $w\n" if "$w";
  $res ;
}								# End verify


############## SUBS FOR MODIFYINGS THE TERMINATIONS  ###########
# Each sub applies a simple spelling rule.

################# HERE : Take out all these
#################### needless arguments.
sub soft_g {
  my ( $w , $root, $edg , $p , $t ) = @_ ;

  $w=~ s/g([^g]+)$/j$1/ if( $w =~ /g[aou][^g]*$/);
  $w ;
}

sub soft_c {
  my ( $w , $root, $edg , $p , $t ) = @_ ;

  $w=~ s/c([^c]+)$/ç$1/ if( $w =~ /c[aou][^c]*$/);
  $w ;
}

sub hard_g {
  my ( $w , $root, $edg , $p , $t ) = @_ ;

  $w =~ s/g([^g]+)$/gu$1/ if($w =~ /g[ei][^g]*$/);
  $w;
}

sub hard_c {
  my ( $w , $root, $edg , $p , $t ) = @_ ;

  $w =~ s/c([^c]+)$/qu$1/ if($w =~ /c[ei][^c]*$/);
  $w;
}

sub cedilla {
  my ( $w , $root, $edg , $p , $t ) = @_ ;

  $w =~ s/ç[e]([^ç]*)$/ce$1/;
  $w;
}

sub end_gu {
  my ( $w , $root, $edg , $p , $t ) = @_ ;

  $w =~ s/gu([^g]+)$/g$1/ if $w =~ /gu[aou][^g]*$/;
  $w;
}

#sub end_oiar {
# my ( $w , $root, $edg , $p , $t ) = @_ ;
#
# $w =~ s/oó/ó/ ;
# $w;
#}

sub end_zer {
  my ( $w , $root, $edg , $p , $t ) = @_ ;

  $w =~ s/z.$/z/ if
	$p==3 && $t eq "pres" || $p == 2 && $t eq "ivo" ;

  $w;
}

sub end_uir {
  my ( $w , $root, $edg , $p , $t ) = @_ ;

  $w =~ s/[$vocs]([$cons]?)$/i$1/o if
	$t eq "pres" && ($p==2||$p==3) ||$t eq "ivo" && $p == 2 ;

  # Here ??Needed??
  $w =~ s/$root i/ $root. "í"/ex if
	$t eq "imp" || $t eq "mdp" || $t eq "perf" && $p!=3 ||
	  $t eq "pres" && $p==4 ;

  $w;
}
# Test for defectiveness
sub is_defectivo
{
  my ( $verb, $v, $t, $p ) = @_ ;
  return 0 unless exists( $verb->{defectivos}->{$v} ) ;
  # Check that verb looks like a verb
  unless( $v =~ /^(.*)([aeioô]r)$/ ){
    warn "$v does not look like a verb." ;
    next;
  }
  # Extract Root and Ending
  $edg = $2;
  $root = $1;

  return 1 if ( $verb->{defectivos}->{$v} =~ /[12]/ &&
		defined( $reg{$edg}->{$t}->[$p-1] ) &&
		!( $reg{$edg}->{$t}->[$p-1] =~
		   /["^$vocs"]*["$vocs"]["^$vocs"]*["$vocs"]/o ||
		   $reg{$edg}->{$t}->[$p-1] =~
		   /["^$vocs"]*(["$vocs"])/o &&
		   ($1 eq "i" ||  $1 eq "í" ||
		    "$verb->{defectivos}->{$v}" eq "2" && $1 eq "e")
		 )
		|| "$verb->{defectivos}->{$v}" eq "4" && $p!=3 && $p!=6
		|| ("precaver" eq $verb->{defectivos}->{$v}) &&
		( $t eq "pres" && $p!=4 || $t =~ /(cpres|ivo)/ )
		|| ("adequar" eq $verb->{defectivos}->{$v}) &&
		( $t =~ /c?pres/ && $p!=4 || $t eq "ivo" )
	      ) ;
  return 0 ;
}

# #################### THE MAIN FUNCTION IN THIS FILE ####################
#
# conjug [[qvx] [verb]+ [tense]+ [1-6]+]+
#

sub conjug {

  my($v,$w,@v,@t,@p);

  my ($verbose,$rc,$regexp,$isoacc,$sep,$long) = (1,"c",0,1," ",0);

  #	print "Received : >",join("<   >",@_),"<\n";
  # print "HASH FOUND \n" if ( ref($_[0]) eq "HASH");
  my $verb = ( ref($_[0]) eq "HASH") ? shift  : \%verb ;

  # Extract options verb, tense and person.
#  while( ($v=shift) && ($v=~ /^\-? [hvqlrcsxio]+ $/x ) ){
  while( @_ && (($v = shift) =~ /^\-? [hvqlrcsxio]+ $/x ) ){
	# print "option $v\n";
	if( $v=~/[iaeoô]r$/ ){	# That looks like a verb
	  # unshift @_,$v;
	  # print "NOT OPT\n";
	  last ;
	}
	foreach ( $v =~ /./g )
	{
	    # print "--> $_\n";
	    if   ( /q/ ) {$verbose = 0 } # Quiet
	    elsif( /v/ ) {$verbose = 1 } # Verbose
	    elsif( /r/ ) { $rc = "r" } # Rows
	    elsif( /c/ ) { $rc = "c" } # Columns
	    # return a Single line
	    elsif( /s/ ) { $rc = "s"; $verbose = 0; }
	    elsif( /h/ ) { $rc = "h"; } # return a Hash
	    elsif( /l/ ) { $long = 1 } # Long form of verbs names
	    elsif( /o/ ) { $sep = ", " } # output is comma-separated
	    # Return a regexp that matches a correct verbal form
	    elsif( /x/ ) { $regexp = 1 }
	    elsif( /i/ ) { $isoacc = 0; }	# Use only ascii chars
    }
  }

  while( $v && !defined($alt_tense{$w = lc(un_accent($v)) }) && ($v!~/[\d]/)){
	# print "found verb $v\n";
	push @v,$v;
	$v=shift;
  }
  my $cur_verb = \%alt_tense;
  @t = ();

  $w = lc(un_accent($v)) if $v;
  #	print "$w\n";
  while( $w && defined($cur_verb->{$w}) ){
	if(ref($cur_verb->{$w}) eq "HASH" ){
	  $cur_verb = $cur_verb->{$w};
	} else {
	  push @t, $cur_verb->{$w};
	  $cur_verb = \%alt_tense;
	}
	$w = ($v = shift) ?
	  lc(un_accent($v)) :
		""	;
	#			print "$w\n";
  }
  @t = @tense unless @t ;

  # if($v && defined($tense{$v})){
  # @t = ($v);
  # while(($v=shift) && defined($tense{$v})){ push @t,$v};
  #
  # } else {
  # @t = @tense;
  # }

  if( defined($v) && $v=~/^ [1-6] $/x ){
    @p = ($v);
    while(($v=shift) && $v=~ /^[1-6] $/x){ push @p,$v};
  } else {
      # @p = (1..4,6) unless @p ;
  }
  @p = (1..6) unless @p ;
  # print "VERB  ",join(",",@v);
  # print "\nTENSE ",join(",",@t);
  # print "\nPERS  ",join(",",@p),"\n";
                                # CONJUGATION

  my  (@res,%res);              # Result (as array and hash),tmp.
  my ($root,$rr,$vr,$cr,$edg);  # Root, $root = "$rr$vr$cr$edg";
  my ($m,   $rm,$vm,$cm);       # Model $m  = "$rm$vm$cm$edg";
  my ($prefix, $missing);
  my ($y,$cy,$vy,$ey);          # Found conjugated form,
  my ($ex,$z,$s);               # EXplicitely defined? temps.

  @res = () ; %res = () ;

  map {$_=asc2iso($_) if /[\"\'\^\\\~]/} @v ; #
  # print "CONJUG  \n>",join(",",@v),"<\n>",
  # join(",",@t),"<\n>",join(",",@p),"<\n"; #'"
  foreach $v (@v) {

	# print " D1 " if $verb->{defectivos}->{$v};
	# print " D ";
	locate($verb,$v);

	# print " D2 " if $verb->{defectivos}->{$v};

	# Check that verb looks like a verb
	unless( $v =~ /^(.*)([aeioô]r)$/ ){
	  warn "$v does not look like a verb." ;
	  next;
	}
	# Extract Root and Ending
	$edg = $2;
	$root = $1;

                                # Is there a recognizable model ?
    if   ( $v =~ /g[ei]r$/ )    {  $modif = \&soft_g }
    elsif( $v =~ /c[ei]r$/ )    {  $modif = \&soft_c }
    elsif( $v =~ /g[ao]r$/ )    {  $modif = \&hard_g }
    elsif( $v =~ /çar$/ )       {  $modif = \¸la }
    elsif( $v =~ /c[ao]r$/ )    {  $modif = \&hard_c }
    elsif( $v =~/gu[ei]r$/ )    {  $modif = \&end_gu }
    elsif( $v =~ /[^g]uir$/)    {  $modif = \&end_uir }
    elsif( $v =~ /air$/)        {  $verb->{$v}->{model} = "sair"
									   unless $v eq "sair" }
    elsif( $v =~ /oer$/)        {  $verb->{$v}->{model} = "moer"
									   unless $v eq "moer" }
    elsif( $v =~ /oar$/)        {  $verb->{$v}->{model} = "perdoar"
									   unless $v eq "perdoar" }
    elsif( $v =~ /oiar$/ && $v ne "boiar" )        {
	  $verb->{$v}->{model} = "boiar" ;
	  # $modif = \&end_oiar ;
    }
    elsif( $v =~ /(uzir|zer)$/ ){  $modif = \&end_zer }
    elsif( $v =~/ear$/ )        {  $verb->{$v}->{model} = "passear"
									   unless $v eq "passear" }
    else                        { $modif = 0 }

	# if($v =~/or$/){       # verbs in "or"
	# $verb->{$v}->{model} = "pôr" unless defined($verb->{$v});
	# }

    if($verbose)
    {

		push @res, "$v : ", defined($verb->{defectivos}->{$v}) ?
			("defectivo","") :
				defined($verb->{$v}) ?
					defined($verb->{$v}->{model}) ?
						("model",$verb->{$v}->{model}) :
							("irreg","") : ("",""),
							("","","","") ; # Assume @p == 5 !!!
		# Avoid putting too many columns/rows
		if( @p != @res )
		{
			push @res , join(" ", splice(@res,@p) ) ;
			$res[$#res] =~ s/\s+$//;
		}

    }

    if( defined($verb->{$v}) ) { # Irregular Verb

      warn " Root $v -> $root ,$cpat,of unexpected kind" unless
        (($rr,$vr,$cr) =
         ($root  =~  /^ (.*) ($vpat+) ($cpat* \^?) $/ox ))
		  || $root=~/^ $cpat* \^? $/ox && ($rr = $root || 1) ;

	  # The \^? serves only for p^or
	  # print "Root $root yields ($rr,$vr,$cr,$edg)\n";

	  # Is there a model ?
      if(defined($m = $verb->{$v}->{model})){
		locate($verb,$m) unless defined($verb->{$m});
		($rm = $m) =~ s/..$//;
		# print "Model : $rm, $m \n";
		($vm,$cm) = ($rm   =~   / ([$vocs]+) ($cpat{0,2}) $/ox );

		# print "   Model $model yields ($rr,$vr,$cr,$edg) \n";
		# print "   Prefix is $prefix\n" if
		$missing = 0;
		unless(($prefix) = ($v=~/(.*)$m$/)){
		  my $em = substr($rm,1);
		  unless((length($em)>1) &&
				 (($prefix) = ($v=~/(.*)$em$/)) && ($missing=1)) {
			$em= substr($em,1);
			length($em)>1 &&
			  (($prefix) = ($v=~/(.*)$em$/)) &&  ($missing=2);
		  }
		  # print " em $em ";
		}
		# print "Prefix $m, $v, $prefix, $missing\n";

      }


      foreach $t (@t)			# Loop over tenses
	  {
        next unless defined($reg{er}->{$t});

        push @res, $long ? $long_tense{$t} : $t  if $verbose ;

        foreach $p (@p)			# Loop over persons
		{
		  # Is it explicitly defined ?
		  $ex = ($w = $verb->{$v}->{$t}->[$p-1])?1:0 ;

		  if(!$w && $m && ($y = $verb->{$m}->{$t}->[$p-1]) )
		  {
			# pass from explicit model to conjd. form.
			if($prefix){
			  $y = substr($y,$missing); # SUSPICIOUS
			  $w= "$prefix$y";
			} else {
			  warn " $y ,$t,$p,$endg{$t}->[$p-1] of unexpected kind"
				unless
				  ($vy,$cy,$ey) =
					$y=~/ ($vpat+) ($cpat?) ($endg{$t}->[$p-1]) $/x;

			  # print "cm,cy = $cm,$vy,$cy,$ey\n";
			  $w = ($cm eq $cy) ?
				"$rr$vy$cr$ey" : "$rr$vy$cy$ey" ;

			}
		  }

		  if( (!$w) && ("$t" eq "cpres") &&
			  (($y=$verb->{$v}->{cpres}->[0]) ||
			   ($m && ($y=$verb->{$m}->{cpres}->[0])))  ){

			# print "Root $root , $rr , $vr , $cr , $edg \n";
			$vy=$cy=$ey="";
			warn "Cpres bug $y ($vy,$cy,$ey)" unless
			  ($vy,$cy,$ey) = $y  =~
				/ ($vpat+) ($cpat?) ($endg{cpres}->[0]) $/x;
			# print "Cpres rule $y ($vy,$cy,$ey) <$endg{cpres}->[0]> \n";
			$y = (!defined($cr) || defined($cy) && ($cr eq $cy)) ? "$rr$vy$cy" : "$rr$vy$cr" ;
			# $|=1;
			# print "cr=$cr, " ;
			# print "cy=$cy, " ;
			# print "rr=$rr, " ;
			# print "vy=$vy\n" ;

			$w = "$y$reg{$edg}->{cpres}->[$p-1]";
		  }

		  # Default Conjuntivo passado/futuro for irregular
		  # verbs is built from 1st person perfeito
		  if( (!$w) && ("$t" eq "cimp" || "$t" eq "cfut") &&
			  (($y=$verb->{$v}->{perf}->[0]) ||
			   ($m && ($verb->{$m}->{perf}->[0])))  ){

			if(!$y) {
			  $y = $verb->{$m}->{perf}->[0];
			  if($prefix){
				$y = substr($y,$missing); # SUSPICIOUS
				$y="$prefix$y";
			  } else {
				$vy=$cy=$ey="";
				warn "Cpassad bug $y ($vy,$cy,$ey)" unless
				  ($vy,$cy,$ey) = $y  =~
					/ ($vpat+) ($cpat?)($endg{perf}->[0]) $/x;

				$y=  ($cr eq $cy) ? "$rr$vy$cr" : "$rr$vy$cy" ;
			  }
			}
			$z = $reg{$edg}->{$t}->[$p-1];

			# ??                if($y=~s/([\'\^\"]?[$vocs])$//){#"
			if($y=~s/([$vocs])$//ox){
			  $z = $1.$z;
			  $z = iso2asc($z);	# Swap accents
			  $z =~  s/^([\'\^\"])([$vocs])([\'\^\"]?)([$vocs])/$1$2/ox
				|| $z =~ s/^([$vocs])([\'\^\"]?)([$vocs])/$2$1/ox; #"
			  $z = asc2iso($z);
			}
			$y .= $z;

			# $w = "$y";

			$w = $y;

			# Default imperativo is built from conjuntivo
		  } elsif (!$w  && "$t" eq "ivo" && $p!=1 && $p != 5 &&
			   (($y=$verb->{$v}->{cpres}->[$p-1]) ||
			    ($m && $verb->{$m}->{cpres}->[$p-1] ))
			   ){
		      # print "I'm here III $p,$y  \n";
		      if(!$y) {
			  if($prefix){
#			      print "I'm here II\n";
			      $y="$verb->{$m}->{cpres}->[$p-1]";
			      $y = $prefix . substr($y,$missing); # SUSPICIOUS
			  } else {
			      $y = $verb->{$m}->{cpres}->[$p-1];
			      $vy=$cy=$ey="";
			      if( $p != 5 )
			      {
				  warn "Ivo bug $y , $p,  ($vy,$cy,$ey) $vocs / $cpat / $endg{cpres}->[$p-1]" unless
				      ($vy,$cy,$ey) = $y  =~
					  / ([$vocs]) ($cpat?) ($endg{cpres}->[$p-1]) $/x;
				  # print "-$endg{cpres}->[$p-1]-$y-$1-$2-$3\n";
			      } else {
#				  print "I'm here\n" ;
				  $ey = "i";
				  warn "Ivo bug $y , $p,  ($vy,$cy,$ey) (BIS)" unless
				      ($vy,$cy) = $y  =~
					  / ([$vocs]) ($cpat)  /x;
			      }
			      $y= "$rr$vy$cr$ey";
			  }
		      }
		      $w = "$y";

		  } elsif(!$w  && "$t" eq "ivo" && $p!=1 && $p == 5 )
		  {
		      chop( $w = $v );
		      ($w .= "i") =~ s/ii/i/;

		  }

		  $w = "$root$reg{$edg}->{$t}->[$p-1]"   if
			!$w  && defined($reg{$edg}->{$t}->[$p-1]) ;

		  $w = &$modif( $w ,$root, $edg ,$p ,$t )
			if(  $w && !$ex && $modif );

		  unless( $regexp || !defined($w)){
			$w =~ s/ \[ ([^\]]) [^\]]* \] /$1/gx;
			$w =~ s/ \( ([^\|\)]*) \|? .* \) /$1/gx;
		  }

		  if( $verb->{defectivos}->{$v} ){
# Is this code ever used ?
# Answer : YES (082899)
		      # print "Defectivo\n";
		      # my $tmp = $reg{$edg}->{$t}->[$p-1] ;
		      # $|=1;print STDERR ">> $edg, $t, $p, $tmp <<\n" ;
		      # $tmp = $t ;
		      # $tmp = $v ;
		      # $tmp = $p ;

		      $w = " " if is_defectivo($verb, $v, $t, $p ) ;
		  }

		  $w=~s/^x$/ / if $w ;

		  push @res, $w ;
		  $res{$t}->[$p] = $w;
	      }			# End loop over persons
    }				# End loop over tenses
      # ####################################
  } else {			# Regular Verb

      foreach $t (@t){

        next unless defined($reg{er}->{$t});

        push @res, $long ? $long_tense{$t}: $t  if $verbose ;

        foreach $p (@p){
          $w = "";


          if(defined($s = $reg{$edg}->{$t}->[$p-1])) {
			$w="$root$s";
			$w = &$modif( $w ,$root, $edg ,$p ,$t ) if( $modif );

			$w = " " if is_defectivo( $verb, $v, $t, $p ) ;

	  }
		$w=~s/^x$/ /;
		push @res, $w ;
          $res{$t}->[$p] = $w;
        } } }
  }				# End regular verbs ##################
				# ####################################
				# Format output : accents, columns ...
  unless($isoacc){
	# print "Iso un-accentuating \n";
	if($rc ne "h"){
	  @res = iso2asc(@res);
	}else{
	  @res{keys(%res)}=iso2asc(values(%res));
	}
  }
  # Format output
  if   ( $rc eq "c" ){ return tabcol($verbose+@p,\@res,$sep); }
  elsif( $rc eq "r" ){ return tabrow($verbose+@p,\@res,$sep); }
  elsif( $rc eq "s" ){			# Single line
	  $_ = join($sep,grep defined, @res);
	  s/\s+$//mg;
	  return $_ }
  elsif( $rc eq "h" ){ return \%res }
  return \@res ;

}

# Tries to find a verb in $vlist (string containing verb defs)
# Eventually, finds model verbs for it.
sub locate {

  my $verb = ( ref($_[0]) eq "HASH") ? shift : \%verb ;
  # HERE  5 7 97
  # print "locate($_[0]) with ",($verb==\%verb)?"global":"local","\n";
  my $v=$_[0];

  return if !$v || defined($verb->{$v});

  while( $v ){

    return if defined($verb->{$v});

	# print "Trying to locate >>$v<<\n";
    if( $vlist =~ / \b$v \s* : \s* ( [^=:]+ [=:]? ) /mx ){
	  # print "Located >>$1<<\n";
      $_ = $1 ;
      s/\S+\s*[:=]//g;

	  # print "Becomes >>$v $_<<\n";
      $verb->{$v} = verbify( "$v $_" );

    }

    my $m = "";
    if($vlist =~ /  \b$v \s* ([^\s=:]|\Z)  /x  &&
	   # $`  =~ / \b(\S*)\s* ( = [^:=]*) \Z/x ){
       $`  =~ / ([^\s\n]*)\s* ( = [^\:\=]*) \Z/x &&
       $1 !~/^defectivos[1234]?$/ ){

	  # print "found for model : >>$1,$2<<\n";
	  $m = $1;
	  $verb->{$v}->{model} = $m ;
    }

    if($vlist =~ /  defectivos([1234])?\s* ( = [^\:\=]*) \b$v \s*
       ([^\s=:]|\Z)  /x
	  ){

	  # print "FOUND DEFECTIVE >>$1,$2<<\n";
	  $verb->{"defectivos". ($1 eq "3" ? "": "$1")}->{"$v"}= $1 ;
	  # print " Def $v,$1,defectivos",($1 eq "3") ? "": "$1","\n";
	  $verb->{defectivos}->{$v} = ($1 eq "3") ? "$v" : $1;
	  $v="";

    }
    $v = $m ;

  }

}
######################################################################
################ A few Output-formatting functions ###################

# Tabify a list into a string
sub tabcol {
  my ($ncols,$l,$sep) = @_ ;
  $sep = " " unless defined $sep ;
  # print "tabcol received $ncols, $#$l ,sep=$sep, \@\$l=",join(" ,",@$l),"\n";

  $ncols = 1 unless $ncols;
  $ncols = int(($#{$l} + 1)/(-$ncols)+0.9999) if($ncols<0);

  # Maximum widtdth of each column
  my @mx = (0) x $ncols ;		# not 0 x $ncols or whatever

  my ($i,$res,$a)   = (0,"",0) ;

  foreach (@$l) {
	# $mx[$i] = $a if( $mx[$i] < ($a=length($_)));
    $mx[$i] = $a   if( defined($_) && ($mx[$i]  < ($a=length($_))));
    $i = ($i+1)% $ncols ;
  }

  # print "mx ",join(" ,",@mx),"\n";
  $i=0;
  foreach (@$l) {
    $res .= sprintf("%-$mx[$i]s$sep", defined($_) ? $_ : "" );
    $i = ($i+1)%$ncols ;
    $res .= "\n" unless $i ;
  }
  $res .= "\n" unless $res =~ /\n$/;
  $res;
}

# Tabify a list into a string
sub tabrow {
  my ($nrows,$l,$sep) = @_ ;
  $sep = " " unless defined $sep ;

  my $nn = $#$l+1 > $nrows ? $#$l+1 : $nrows ;

  $nrows = 1 unless $nrows;
  $nrows = ($#{$l} + 1)/(-$nrows) if($nrows<0);

  my @mx = (0) x $nn ;
  my @res = "" x $nn ;
  my ($i,$j,$a)  = (0,0,"") ;
  # print "n=$nrows $#$l $nn\n";
  foreach (@$l) {
	$_ = "" unless defined($_);
    $mx[$j] = $a if(defined($_) && 	$mx[$j] < ($a=length($_)));
    $i = ($i+1)% $nrows ;
    $j++ unless $i;
  }

  $i=$j=0;
  foreach (@$l) {
    $res[$i] .= sprintf("%-$mx[$j]s$sep",$_);
    $i = ($i+1)%$nrows ;
    $j++ unless $i;
  }
  $res = join("\n",@res)."\n";
  $res =~ s/\n[\n\s]+/\n/mg;
  $res;
}

sub env_is_utf8 ()
{
	foreach my $v (qw(LC_ALL LC_TYPE LANG))
	{
		if (exists ($ENV{$v}) && defined ($ENV{$v}))
		{
			return $ENV{$v} =~ /utf-?8/i;
		}
	}
	return undef;
}

######################################################################


BEGIN {

# ## Define a string variable $vlist that holds a database for Portuguese
# ## verbs. The non-commented text below has the format :
#
# model_verb =  verb1  verb2 ...
#
# ## To specify that verb1, verb1 ... conjugate like model_verb.
#
#
# verb : conjugo conjugues ...
#
# ## To specify the conjugation of verb.
#
# # WARNING ### don't write "=" and ":" on the same line.
#
# Order of tenses :
# pres perf imp fut mdp  cpres cimp cfut cond ivo pp grd
#
# Cool : Emacs perl-mode highlights the infinitives (as labels?).

    $vlist = <

obter: obtenho obténs obtém ivo obtém model ter
abster: abstenho absténs abstém ivo abstém model ter
ater: atenho aténs atém ivo atém model ter
conter: contenho conténs contém ivo contém model ter
deter: detenho deténs detém ivo detém model ter
entreter: entretenho entreténs entretém ivo entretém model ter
reter: retenho reténs retém ivo retém model ter
suster: sustenho susténs sustém ivo sustém model ter

# obter = abster ater conter deter entreter reter suster # phoey
boiar:
  bóio etc
  cpres bóie bóies bóie boiemos bóiem
  ivo bóia bóie boiemos bóiem
# This one has ivo,p=5 perdoeis in GPVP, perdoai in DLPO
perdoar:
  perdoo perdoas perdoa perdoamos perdoam
moer:
  moo moís mói moemos moem,
  moí,
  moía moías  moía moíamos moíam, cfut moer etc cimp moesse etc
  ivo mói pp moído
passear:
  passeio passeias passeia passeamos passeiam,
  cpres passeie passeies passeie passeemos passeeis  passeiem
  ivo passeia
incendiar:
  incendeio incendeias incendeia incendiamos incendeiam
  cpres incedeie incendeies incendeie incendiemos incendeiem
  ivo incendeia incendeie incendiemos  incendeiem
incendiar = ansiar mediar odiar remediar
dizer:
  digo . diz,
  disse disseste disse dissemos disseram,,
  direi etc
  cpres diga etc,
  cimp dissesse dissesses dissesse dissêssemos dissessem
  cond diria etc,
  ivo diz,
  pp dito
dizer = antedizer bendizer condizer contradizer desdizer
        interdizer maldizer predizer
fazer = contrafazer desfazer satisfazer refazer
fazer:
  faço . faz ,
  fiz fizeste fez fizemos fizeram ,
  fazia fazias fazia fazíamos faziam,
  fut farei farás fará faremos farão,
  fizera etc , # fizeras fizera fizéramos fizeram,
  faça etc , # faças faça façamos façam,
  cond faria etc , # farias faria faríamaos faria
  ivo faz
  pp feito
dar:
  dou dás dá damos dais dão,
  dei deste etc
  mdp dera deras dera déramos deram,
  dê dês dê dêmos deis dêem,
  desse etc
  der deres der dermos derem ,
  ivo dá . demos
poder:
  posso podes etc
  pude pudeste pôde pudemos puderam,
  mdp pudera etc
  cpres possa etc
  cimp pudesse pudesses pudesse pudéssemos pudessem
# DLPO defines ivo like here, GPVP says it isn't defined
  ivo pode
caber:
  caibo perf coube etc cpres caiba etc
  cimp acc
  mdp coubera acc etc
# DLPO defines ivo like here, GPVP says it isn't defined
  ivo cabe
sentir:
  sinto sentes etc
  cpres sinta etc
  # HERE Must check
  ivo sente sinta sintamos senti sintam
sentir = ressentir assentir consentir mentir desmentir investir revestir desinvestir vestir
ir:
  vou  vais  vai vamos ides vão ,
  fui  foste foi fomos fostes foram ,
  cpres vá vás vá vamos vades vão,
  fosse fosses fosse fôssemos fôsseis fossem,
  for fores for formos fordes foram
  ivo vai vá vamos ide vão
valer:
  valho vales vale valemos valem,
  cpres valha etc
  ivo vale
prover: perf provi etc pp provido model ver
rever:  model ver
sair:
  saio sais sai saímos saís saem,
  saí saíste saiu saímos saístes saíram,
  saía saías saía saíamos saíeis saíam
  mdp saíra saíras saíra saíramos saíreis saíram
  cpres saia saias saia saiamos saiais saiam
  cimp saísse saísses saísse saíssemos saísseis saíssem
  cfut sair saíres sair sairmos sairdes saírem
  ivo   sai saia saiamos saí saiam
abrir: pp aberto
abrir = entreabrir
saber:
  sei   sabes    sabe  sabemos  sabem ,
  soube soubeste soube soubemos souberam
  mdp soubera acc etc
  cpres saiba etc # saibas saiba saibamos saibam
  cimp acc
  ivo sabe
# DLPO defines ivo like here. GPVP says ivo is not defined.
querer:
  . . quer . . ,
  quis quiseste quis quisemos quiseram,
  mdp quisera acc etc
  cpres queira etc
  cimp quisesse acc etc
  ivo  quer

requerer:
  requeiro . requer ,
  requeri requereste requereu requeremos requerem ,
  cpres requeira etc , cimp requeresse etc , cfut requerer etc
# DLPO defines ivo "requer requira requiramos requerei requiram"
  ivo requer
ganhar: pp (ganho|ganhado)
gastar: pp gast(|ad)o
pagar: pp pago
trazer:
  trago trazes traz trazemos trazem,
  trouxe trouxeste trouxe etc
  mdp trouxera acc etc
  fut trarei trarás trará traremos trarão,
  cpres traga etc
  cond traria etc
  ivo traz traga etc
ferir:  firo cpres fira ivo fere fira firamos feri firam
ferir = conferir preferir transferir gerir digerir preterir
    servir divertir advertir reflectir repetir compelir vestir sugerir
seguir:
  sigo cpres siga etc ivo segue
seguir = perseguir prosseguir conseguir
#  pres perf imp fut mdp  cpres cimp cfut cond ivo pp grd
ler:
  leio lês lê lemos lêem
  cpres  leia leias leia leiamos  leiam
  ivo   lê lêia leiamos leiam
ler = reler tresler
atribuir:
  atribuo atribuis atribui atribuímos atribuís atribuem,
  atribuí atribuíste  atribuiu  atribuímos  atribuíram,
  atribuía atribuías  atribuía  atribuíamos  atribuíam,
  cfut   atribuir . atribuir atribuirmos .
  ivo atribui
	pp atribuído
averiguar:
  cpres averigúe averigúes  averigúe .  averigúem
  ivo averigua
pedir:
  peço cpres peça etc ivo pede peça peçamos    pedi peçam
ver:
  vejo vês  vê vemos vêem,
  vi    viste viu vimos viram,
  mdp vira etc
  cpres veja vejas veja vejamos vejam
  cimp visse visses visse víssemos vísseis vissem
  ivo vê veja  vejamos vede vejam
  pp visto
ver = antever entrever prever rever
vir:
  venho vens vem vimos vindes vêm,
  vim vieste veio viemos viestes vieram,
  vinha vinhas vinha vínhamos vínheis vinham,
  mdp   viera vieras viera viéramos vieram,
  cpres venha venhas venha venhamos venham,
  cimp viesse viesses viesse viéssemos viésseis viessem,
  cfut vier vieres vier viermos vierdes vierem,
  ivo vem venha vinhamos vinde venham
  pp vindo
vir = advir convir intervir

ouvir:
  o(i|u)ço ouves ouve ouvimos ouvem,
  cpres o(i|u)ça etc # ouças ouça ouçamos ouçam,
  # alternative : cpres oiça  oiças  oiça  oiçamos  oiçam
  ivo ouve oiça
  # alternative : ivo . oiça
rir:
  rio ris ri rimos rides riem
  cpres ria rias ria riamos riais riam
  ivo ri ria riamos ride riam
rir = sorrir
fugir:
  fujo foges foge fugimos fogem ivo foge
dormir:   durmo , cpres durma
cobrir:   cubro cpres cubra pp coberto
cobrir = encobrir descobrir
agredir:  agrido agrides etc , cpres agrida etc ivo agride
agredir = prevenir progredir transgredir

                                # More irregular verbs
escrever: pp escrito
escrever = descrever inscrever reescrever prescrever
dormir =  abolir demolir engolir

influir: . . . . influís .
          ivo . . . influí .
          cimp influísse influísses influísse . . influíssem

construir: . constr(ó|u)is constr(ó|u)i . . constr(o|u)em
         model influir
destruir: . destr(ó|u)is destr(ó|u)i . . destr(o|u)em
         model influir
polir:
    pulo pules pule polimos polis pulem
    cpres pula pulas pula pulamos pulais pulam
    ivo   pule

# Won't do construir = destruir

subir:
  subo sobes sobe subimos sobem ivo sobe


reaver:
       x x x  reavemos reaveis x ,
       reouve reouveste reouve reouvemos reouvestes reouveram,
       reavia reavias reavia reavíamos reavíeis reaviam,
       reaverei reaverás reaverá reaveremos reavereis reaverão,
       reouvera reouveras reouvera reouvéramos reouvéreis reouveram,
       x x x x x x,
       reouvesse reouvesses reouvesse reouvéssemos reouvésseis reouvessem,
       reouver reouveres reouver reouvermos reouverdes reouverem,
       reaveria reaverias reaveria reaveríamos reaveríeis reaveriam,
       x x x x x, reavido  reavendo
pedir = despedir medir impedir expedir
perder:
  perco ,
  cpres perca percas perca percais percam
  ivo perde perca percamos
crer:
  creio crês crê . credes crêem,
  cpres creia creias creia creiamos creiais creiam
  ivo  crê . . crede
# Double Particípio Passado
aceitar: pp aceit(o|e|ado)
afeiçoar: pp afe(ct|içoad)o
cativar: pp cativ(|ad)o
cegar: pp ceg(|ad)o
completar: pp complet(|ad)o
cultivar: pp cult(|ivad)o
descalçar: pp descalç(|ad)o
entregar: pp entreg(ue|ado)
enxugar: pp enxu(t|gad)o
expulsar: pp expuls(|ad)o
fartar: pp fart(|ad)o
findar: pp find(|ad)o
infectar: pp infect(|ad)o
inquietar: pp inquiet(|ad)o
isentar: pp isent(|ad)o
juntar: pp junt(|ad)o
libertar: pp libert(|ad)o
limpar: pp limp(|ad)o
manifestar: pp manifest(|ad)o
matar: pp (matado|morto)
murchar: pp murch(|ad)o
ocultar: pp ocult(|ad)o
salvar: pp salv(|ad)o
secar: pp sec(|ad)o
segurar: pp segur(|ad)o
fechar: pp fech(|ad)o
afligir: pp afli(t|gid)o
concluir:pp conclu(s|íd)o
corrigir:pp corr(ect|igid)o
dirigir:pp dir(ect|igid)o
distingir:pp distin(t|guid)o
emergir:pp emer(s|gid)o
erigir:pp er(ect|igid)o
exprimir:pp expr(ess|imid)o
extinguir:pp ext(int|inguid)o
frigir:pp fri(t|gid)o
imergir:pp imer(s|gid)o
imprimir:pp impr(ess|imid)o
incluir:pp inclu(s|íd)o
inserir:pp ins(ert|erid)o
omitir:pp om(ess|itid)o
oprimir:pp opr(ess|imid)o
repelir:pp rep(uls|elid)o
submergir:pp submer(s|gid)o
atingir:pp atin(t|gid)o
absorver:pp absor(t|vid)o
acender:pp ace(s|ndid)o
agradecer:pp (grat|agradecid)o
atender:pp aten(t|did)o
benzer:pp ben(t|zid)o
convencer:pp conv(ict|encid)o
corromper:pp corr(upt|ompid)o
defender:pp def(es|endid)o
dissolver:pp dissol(lut|vid)o
eleger:pp ele(it|gid)o
envolver:pp envol(t|vid)o
incorrer:pp inc(urs|orrid)o
morrer:pp mor(t|rid)o
nascer:pp na(d|scid)o
perverter:pp perver(s|tid)o
prender:pp pre(s|ndid)o
pretender:pp preten(s|did)o
revolver:pp revol(t|vid)o
romper:pp ro(t|mpid)o
submeter:pp subm(iss|etid)o
suspender:pp suspen(s|did)o
tender:pp ten(s|did)o

# Some of these verb's forms aren't defined because they would sound
# bad.
defectivos1= abolir adir banir carpir colorir combalir comedir
delinquir delir demolir descomedir embair empedernir escapulir
extorquir falir florir munir remir renhir retorquir

# These are defined only in the forms where the infinitive's 'i' is
# either present, or replaced by a 'e'.
defectivos2= aturdir brandir brunir emergir exaurir fremir fulgir
haurir imergir jungir submergir ungir #

# These verbs have only the third person defined.
defectivos4= acontecer concernir grassar constar assentar

defectivos3=    precaver adequar


EOD
;
 # ############### INITIALIZE THE DATABASE STRING OF VERBS ##############

    $vlist =~ s/\#.*\n+/\n/mg;	# Remove comment and newlines
    $vlist =~ s/\n/ /mg;

}				# EOF BEGIN
1 ;