File Coverage

blib/lib/RedisDB.pm

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	226	525	43.0
branch	90	256	35.1
condition	49	120	40.8
subroutine	35	75	46.6
pod	31	32	96.8
total	431	1008	42.7

package RedisDB;

use strict;
use warnings;

our $VERSION = "2.56";
$VERSION = eval $VERSION;

use RedisDB::Error;
use RedisDB::Parser;
use IO::Socket::IP;
use IO::Socket::UNIX;
use Socket qw(MSG_DONTWAIT MSG_NOSIGNAL SO_RCVTIMEO SO_SNDTIMEO);
use POSIX qw(:errno_h);
use Config;
use Carp;
use Try::Tiny;
use Encode qw();
use URI;
use URI::redis;

=head1 NAME

RedisDB - Perl extension to access redis database

=head1 SYNOPSIS

    use RedisDB;

    my $redis = RedisDB->new(host => 'localhost', port => 6379);
    $redis->set($key, $value);
    my $value = $redis->get($key);

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This module provides interface to access redis key-value store, it
transparently handles disconnects and forks, supports transactions,
pipelining, and subscription mode.

=head1 METHODS

=cut

=head2 $class->new(%options)

Creates a new RedisDB object. The following options are accepted:

=over 4

=item host

domain name of the host running redis server. Default: "localhost"

=item port

port to connect. Default: 6379

=item path

you can connect to redis using UNIX socket. In this case instead of
L and L you should specify I.

=item password

Password, if redis server requires authentication. Alternatively you can use
I method after creating the object.

=item database

DB number to use. Specified database will be selected immediately after
connecting to the server. Database changes when you sending I command
to the server. You can get current database using I method.
Default value is 0.

=item url

A Redis URL as described in L.

You cannot use C together with any of C, C, C,
C, C.

=item raise_error

By default if redis-server returned error reply, or there was a connection
error I method throws an exception of L type, if you
set this parameter to false it will return an error object instead. Note, that
if you set this to false you should always check if the result you've got from
RedisDB method is a L object.

=item timeout

IO timeout. With this option set, if I/O operation has taken more than
specified number of seconds, module will croak or return
L error object depending on L setting.
Note, that some OSes do not support SO_RCVTIMEO, and SO_SNDTIMEO socket
options, in this case timeout will not work.

=item utf8

Assume that all data on the server encoded in UTF-8. As result all strings will
be converted to UTF-8 before sending to server, and all results will be decoded
from UTF-8. See L.

=item connection_name

After establishing a connection set its name to the specified using "CLIENT
SETNAME" command.

=item lazy

by default I establishes a connection to the server. If this parameter is
set, then connection will be established only when you will send first command
to the server.

=item reconnect_attempts

this parameter allows you to specify how many attempts to (re)connect to the
server should be made before returning an error. Default value is 1, set to -1
if module should try to reconnect indefinitely.

=item reconnect_delay_max

module waits some time before every new attempt to connect. Delay increases
each time. This parameter allows you to specify maximum delay between attempts
to reconnect. Default value is 10.

=item on_connect_error

if module failed to establish connection with the server it will invoke this
callback.  First argument to the callback is a reference to the RedisDB object,
and second is the error description. You must not invoke any methods on the
object inside the callback, but you can change I and I, or I
attributes of the I object to point to another server.  After callback
returned, module tries to establish connection again using new parameters. To
prevent further connection attempts callback should throw an exception, which
is done by default callback. This may be useful to switch to backup server if
primary went down. RedisDB distribution includes an example of using this
callback in eg/server_failover.pl.

=back

=cut

sub new {
    my $class = shift;
    my $self = ref $_[0] ? $_[0] : {@_};
    bless $self, $class;
    if ( $self->{path} and ( $self->{host} or $self->{port} ) ) {
        croak "You can't specify \"path\" together with \"host\" and \"port\"";
    }
    if ( $self->{url} ) {
        if ( $self->{host} or $self->{port} or $self->{path} ) {
            croak "You can't specify \"url\" together with \"host\", \"port\" and \"path\"";
        }

        $self->_parse_url( $self->{url} );
    }
    $self->{port} ||= 6379;
    $self->{host} ||= 'localhost';
    $self->{raise_error}    = 1 unless exists $self->{raise_error};
    $self->{_replies}       = [];
    $self->{_to_be_fetched} = 0;
    $self->{database}            ||= 0;
    $self->{reconnect_attempts}  ||= 1;
    $self->{reconnect_delay_max} ||= 10;
    $self->{on_connect_error}    ||= \&_on_connect_error;
    $self->_init_parser;
    $self->_connect unless $self->{lazy};
    return $self;
}

sub _parse_url {
    my ($self, $url) = @_;

    my $uri = URI->new($url);

    if ( $uri->scheme !~ /^redis/ ) {
        die "Unknown URL scheme '" . $uri->scheme . "' in URL '$url'";
    }

    $self->{host}     = $uri->host;
    $self->{port}     = $uri->port;
    $self->{path}     = $uri->socket_path;
    $self->{password} = $uri->password;
    $self->{database} = $uri->database;
}

sub _is_redisdb_error {
    ref(shift) =~ /^RedisDB::Error/;
}

sub _init_parser {
    my $self = shift;
    $self->{_parser} = RedisDB::Parser->new(
        utf8        => $self->{utf8},
        master      => $self,
        error_class => 'RedisDB::Error',
    );
}

=head2 $self->execute($command, @arguments)

send a command to the server, wait for the result and return it. It will throw
an exception if the server returns an error or return L object
depending on L parameter. It may be more convenient to use
instead of this method wrapper named after the corresponding redis command.
E.g.:

    $redis->execute('set', key => 'value');
    # is the same as
    $redis->set(key => 'value');

See L section for the full list of defined aliases.

Note, that you can not use I if you have sent some commands using
I method without the I argument and have not yet got
all replies.

=cut

sub execute {
    my $self = shift;
    croak "You can't use RedisDB::execute when you have replies to fetch."
      if $self->replies_to_fetch;
    croak "This function is not available in subscription mode." if $self->{_subscription_loop};
    my $cmd = uc shift;
    $self->send_command( $cmd, @_ );
    return $self->get_reply;
}

sub _on_connect_error {
    my ( $self, $err ) = @_;
    my $server = $self->{path} || ("$self->{host}:$self->{port}");
    my $error_obj =
      RedisDB::Error::DISCONNECTED->new("Couldn't connect to the redis server at $server: $!");
    die $error_obj;
}

sub _on_disconnect {
    my ( $self, $err, $error_obj ) = @_;

    if ($err) {
        $error_obj ||= RedisDB::Error::DISCONNECTED->new(
            "Server unexpectedly closed connection. Some data might have been lost.");
        if ( $self->{raise_error} or $self->{_in_multi} or $self->{_watching} ) {
            $self->reset_connection;
            die $error_obj;
        }
        elsif ( my $loop_type = $self->{_subscription_loop} ) {
            my $subscribed  = delete $self->{_subscribed};
            my $psubscribed = delete $self->{_psubscribed};
            my $callback    = delete $self->{_subscription_cb};
            $self->reset_connection;

            # there's no simple way to return error from here
            # TODO: handle it
            $self->{raise_error}++;
            $self->_connect;
            $self->{_subscription_loop} = $loop_type;
            $self->{_subscription_cb}   = $callback;
            $self->{_parser}->set_default_callback($callback);
            $self->{_subscribed}  = $subscribed;
            $self->{_psubscribed} = $psubscribed;

            for ( keys %$subscribed ) {
                $self->send_command( 'subscribe', $_ );
            }
            for ( keys %$psubscribed ) {
                $self->send_command( 'psubscribe', $_ );
            }
            $self->{raise_error}--;
        }
        else {

            # parser may be in inconsistent state, so we just replace it with a new one
            my $parser = delete $self->{_parser};
            delete $self->{_socket};
            $parser->propagate_reply($error_obj);
        }
    }
    else {
        $self->{warnings} and warn( $error_obj || "Server closed connection, reconnecting..." );
    }
}

# establish connection to the server.
# returns undef on success. On failure returns RedisDB::Error or throws an exception.
sub _connect {
    my $self = shift;

    # this is to prevent recursion
    confess "Couldn't connect to the redis-server."
      . " Connection was immediately closed by the server."
      if $self->{_in_connect};

    $self->{_pid} = $$;

    delete $self->{_socket};
    my $error;
    while ( not $self->{_socket} ) {
        if ( $self->{path} ) {
            $self->{_socket} = IO::Socket::UNIX->new(
                Type => SOCK_STREAM,
                Peer => $self->{path},
            ) or $error = $!;
        }
        else {
            my $attempts = $self->{reconnect_attempts};
            my $delay;
            while ( not $self->{_socket} and $attempts ) {
                sleep $delay if $delay;
                $self->{_socket} = IO::Socket::IP->new(
                    PeerAddr => $self->{host},
                    PeerPort => $self->{port},
                    Proto    => 'tcp',
                    ( $self->{timeout} ? ( Timeout => $self->{timeout} ) : () ),
                ) or $error = $!;
                $delay = $delay ? ( 1 + rand ) * $delay : 1;
                $delay = $self->{reconnect_delay_max} if $delay > $self->{reconnect_delay_max};
                $attempts--;
            }
        }
    }
    continue {
        unless ( $self->{_socket} ) {
            my $new_error;
            try {
                $self->{on_connect_error}->( $self, $error );
            }
            catch {
                if ( $self->{raise_error} ) {
                    $self->reset_connection;
                    die $_;
                }
                else {
                    $self->{_parser}->propagate_reply($_) if $self->{_parser};
                    $new_error = $_;
                }
            };
            return $new_error if $new_error;
        }
    }

    if ( $self->{timeout} ) {
        my $tv_sec = int $self->{timeout};
        my $tv_usec = ($self->{timeout} * 1e6) % 1e6;
        my $timeout;

        # NetBSD 6 and OpenBSD 5.5 use 64-bit time_t on all architectures
        my $timet64;
        if ( $Config{osname} eq 'netbsd' ) {
            $Config{osvers} =~ /^([0-9]+)/;
            if ( $1 and $1 >= 6 ) {
                $timet64 = 1;
            }
        }
        elsif ( $Config{osname} eq 'openbsd' ) {
            $Config{osvers} =~ /^([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)/;
            if ( $1 and ( $1 > 5 or ( $1 == 5 and $2 >= 5 ) ) ) {
                $timet64 = 1;
            }
        }
        if ( $timet64 and $Config{longsize} == 4 ) {
            if ( defined $Config{use64bitint} ) {
                $timeout = pack( 'QL', $tv_sec, $tv_usec );
            }
            else {
                $timeout = pack(
                    'LLL',
                    (
                        $Config{byteorder} eq '1234'
                        ? ( $tv_sec, 0, $tv_usec )
                        : ( 0, $tv_sec, $tv_usec )
                    )
                );
            }
        }
        else {
            $timeout = pack( 'L!L!', $tv_sec, $tv_usec);
        }
        try {
            defined $self->{_socket}->sockopt( SO_RCVTIMEO, $timeout )
              or die "Can't set timeout: $!";
            defined $self->{_socket}->sockopt( SO_SNDTIMEO, $timeout )
              or die "Can't set send timeout: $!";
        }
        catch {
            warn "$_\n";
        };
    }

    $self->{_in_connect}++;
    $self->_init_parser;
    $self->{_subscription_loop} = 0;
    delete $self->{_server_version};

    # authenticate
    if ( $self->{password} ) {
        $self->send_command(
            "AUTH",
            $self->{password},
            sub {
                my ( $self, $res ) = @_;
                croak "$res" if _is_redisdb_error($res);
            }
        );
    }

    # connection name
    if ( $self->{connection_name} ) {
        $self->send_command( qw(CLIENT SETNAME), $self->{connection_name}, IGNORE_REPLY() );
    }

    # select database
    if ( $self->{database} ) {
        $self->send_command( "SELECT", $self->{database}, IGNORE_REPLY() );
    }

    delete $self->{_in_connect};
    return;
}

my $SET_NB   = 0;
my $DONTWAIT = 0;

# Windows don't have MSG_DONTWAIT, so we need to switch socket into non-blocking mode
if ( $^O eq 'MSWin32' ) {
    $SET_NB = 1;
}
else {
    $DONTWAIT = MSG_DONTWAIT;
}

# parse data from the receive buffer without blocking
# Returns undef in case of success or RedisDB::Error if failed
sub _recv_data_nb {
    my $self = shift;

    $self->{_socket}->blocking(0) if $SET_NB;

    while (1) {
        my $ret = recv( $self->{_socket}, my $buf, 131072, $DONTWAIT );
        unless ( defined $ret ) {

            # socket is connected, no data in recv buffer
            last if $! == EAGAIN or $! == EWOULDBLOCK;
            next if $! == EINTR;

            # on any other error close the connection
            my $error =
              RedisDB::Error::DISCONNECTED->new("Error reading from server: $!");
            $self->_on_disconnect( 1, $error );
            return $error;
        }
        elsif ( $buf ne '' ) {

            # received some data
            $self->{_parser}->parse($buf);
        }
        else {
            delete $self->{_socket};

            if ( $self->{_parser}->callbacks or $self->{_in_multi} or $self->{_watching} ) {

                # there are some replies lost
                $self->_on_disconnect(1);
            }
            else {
                # clean disconnect, try to reconnect
                $self->_on_disconnect(0);
            }

            unless ( $self->{_socket} ) {
                my $error = $self->_connect;
                return $error if $error;
            }
            last;
        }
    }

    $self->{_socket}->blocking(1) if $SET_NB;

    return;
}

sub _queue {
    my ( $self, $reply ) = @_;
    --$self->{_to_be_fetched};
    push @{ $self->{_replies} }, $reply;
}

=head2 $self->send_command($command[, @arguments][, \&callback])

send a command to the server. If send has failed command will die or return
L object depending on L parameter.  Note, that it
does not return reply from the server, if I was not specified, you
should retrieve result using I method, otherwise I  will
be invoked upon receiving the result with two arguments: the RedisDB object,
and the reply from the server. If the server returned an error, the second
argument to the callback will be a L object, you can get
description of the error using this object in string context.  If you are not
interested in reply, you can use RedisDB::IGNORE_REPLY constant as the last
argument.

Note, that RedisDB does not run any background threads, so it will not receive
the reply and invoke the callback unless you call some of its methods which
check if there are replies from the server, like I,
I, I, or I.

=cut

my $NOSIGNAL = try { MSG_NOSIGNAL } || 0;

sub send_command {
    my $self = shift;

    my $callback;
    if ( ref $_[-1] eq 'CODE' ) {
        $callback = pop;
    }
    else {
        ++$self->{_to_be_fetched};
        $callback = \&_queue;
    }

    my $command = uc shift;
    if ( $self->{_subscription_loop} ) {
        croak "only (UN)(P)SUBSCRIBE and QUIT allowed in subscription loop"
          unless $command =~ /^(P?(UN)?SUBSCRIBE|QUIT)$/;
    }

    # remember password
    if ( $command eq 'AUTH' ) {
        $self->{password} = $_[0];
    }

    # if SELECT has been successful, we should update database
    elsif ( $command eq 'SELECT' ) {
        my $cb    = $callback;
        my $dbnum = $_[0];
        $callback = sub {
            $_[0]->{database} = $dbnum unless ref $_[1];
            $cb->(@_);
        };
    }

    # if CLIENT SETNAME we should remember the name
    elsif ( $command eq 'CLIENT' && uc $_[0] eq 'SETNAME' ) {
        $self->{connection_name} = $_[1];
    }

    # if not yet connected to server, or if process was forked
    # reestablish connection
    unless ( $self->{_socket} and $self->{_pid} == $$ ) {
        my $error = $self->_connect;
        if ($error) {
            $callback->( $self, $error );
            return $error;
        }
    }

    # Here we are reading received data and parsing it,
    # and at the same time checking if the connection is still alive
    my $error = $self->_recv_data_nb;
    if ($error) {
        $callback->( $self, $error );
        return $error;
    }

    $self->{_parser}->push_callback($callback);

    my $request = $self->{_parser}->build_request( $command, @_ );
    {
        local $SIG{PIPE} = 'IGNORE' unless $NOSIGNAL;
        defined send( $self->{_socket}, $request, $NOSIGNAL )
          or $self->_on_disconnect( 1,
            RedisDB::Error::DISCONNECTED->new("Can't send request to server: $!") );
    }

    return 1;
}

sub _ignore {
    my ( $self, $res ) = @_;
    if ( _is_redisdb_error($res) ) {
        warn "Ignoring error returned by redis-server: $res";
    }
}

sub IGNORE_REPLY { return \&_ignore; }

=begin comment

=head2 $self->send_command_cb($command[, @arguments][, \&callback])

send a command to the server, invoke specified I on reply. The
callback is invoked with two arguments: the RedisDB object, and reply from the
server.  If the server returned an error, the second argument will be a
L object, you can get description of the error using this
object in string context.  If the I is not specified, the reply will
be discarded.  Note, that RedisDB does not run any background threads, so it
will not receive the reply and invoke the callback unless you call some of its
methods which check if there are replies from the server, like I,
I, I, I, or I.

B this method is deprecated and may be removed in some future
version. Please use I method instead. If you are using
I with I<&callback> argument, you can just replace the method
with I and it will do the same. If you are using
I with the default callback, you should add the
RedisDB::IGNORE_REPLY constant as the last argument when replacing the method
with I.  Here is the example that shows equivalents with
I:

    $redis->send_command_cb("SET", "Key", "Value");
    # may be replaced with
    $redis->send_command("SET", "Key", "Value", RedisDB::IGNORE_REPLY);

    $redis->send_command_cb("GET", "Key", \&process_reply);
    # may be replaced with
    $redis->send_command("GET", "Key", \&process_reply);

=end comment

=cut

sub send_command_cb {
    my $self = shift;
    my $callback = pop if ref $_[-1] eq 'CODE';
    $callback ||= \&_ignore;
    return $self->send_command( @_, $callback );
}

=head2 $self->reply_ready

this method may be used in the pipelining mode to check if there are some
replies already received from the server. Returns true if there are replies
ready to be fetched with I method.

=cut

sub reply_ready {
    my $self = shift;

    my $error = $self->_recv_data_nb;
    if ($error) {
        $self->_on_disconnect( 1, $error );
    }
    return @{ $self->{_replies} } ? 1 : 0;
}

=head2 $self->mainloop

this method blocks till all replies from the server will be received. Note,
that callbacks for some replies may send new requests to the server and so this
method may block for indefinite time.

=cut

sub mainloop {
    my $self = shift;

    return unless $self->{_parser};

    while ( $self->{_parser}->callbacks ) {
        croak "You can't call mainloop in the child process" unless $self->{_pid} == $$;
        my $ret = recv( $self->{_socket}, my $buffer, 131073, 0 );
        unless ( defined $ret ) {
            next if $! == EINTR;
            if ( $! == EAGAIN ) {
                confess "Timed out waiting reply from the server";
            }
            else {
                $self->_on_disconnect( 1,
                    RedisDB::Error::DISCONNECTED->new("Error reading reply from the server: $!") );
                next;
            }
        }
        if ( $buffer ne '' ) {

            # received some data
            $self->{_parser}->parse($buffer);
        }
        else {

            # disconnected
            $self->_on_disconnect(
                1,
                RedisDB::Error::DISCONNECTED->new(
                    "Server unexpectedly closed connection before sending full reply")
            );
        }
    }
    return;
}

=head2 $self->get_reply

receive and return reply from the server. If the server returned an error,
method throws L exception or returns L object,
depending on the L parameter.

=cut

sub get_reply {
    my $self = shift;

    croak "We are not waiting for reply"
      unless @{ $self->{_replies} }
      or $self->{_to_be_fetched}
      or $self->{_subscription_loop};
    croak "You can't read reply in child process" unless $self->{_pid} == $$;
    while ( not @{ $self->{_replies} } ) {
        my $ret = recv( $self->{_socket}, my $buffer, 131074, 0 );
        if ( not defined $ret ) {
            next if $! == EINTR or $! == 0;
            my $err;
            if ( $! == EAGAIN or $! == EWOULDBLOCK ) {
                $err = RedisDB::Error::EAGAIN->new("$!");
            }
            else {
                $err = RedisDB::Error::DISCONNECTED->new("Connection error: $!");
            }
            $self->_on_disconnect( 1, $err );
        }
        elsif ( $buffer ne '' ) {

            # received some data
            $self->{_parser}->parse($buffer);
        }
        else {

            # disconnected, should die unless raise_error is unset
            $self->_on_disconnect(1);
        }
    }

    my $res = shift @{ $self->{_replies} };
    if ( _is_redisdb_error($res)
        and ( $self->{raise_error} or $self->{_in_multi} or $self->{_watching} ) )
    {
        croak $res;
    }

    if ( $self->{_subscription_loop} ) {
        confess "Expected multi-bulk reply, but got $res" unless ref $res;
        if ( $res->[0] eq 'message' ) {
            $self->{_subscribed}{ $res->[1] }( $self, $res->[1], undef, $res->[2] )
              if $self->{_subscribed}{ $res->[1] };
        }
        elsif ( $res->[0] eq 'pmessage' ) {
            $self->{_psubscribed}{ $res->[1] }( $self, $res->[2], $res->[1], $res->[3] )
              if $self->{_psubscribed}{ $res->[1] };
        }
        elsif ( $res->[0] =~ /^p?(un)?subscribe/ ) {

            # ignore
        }
        else {
            confess "Got unknown reply $res->[0] in subscription mode";
        }
    }

    return $res;
}

=head2 $self->get_all_replies

wait till replies to all the commands without callback set will be received.
Returns a list of replies to these commands. For commands with callback set
replies are processed as usual. Unlike I this method blocks only till
replies to all commands for which callback was NOT set will be received.

=cut

sub get_all_replies {
    my $self = shift;
    my @res;
    while ( $self->replies_to_fetch ) {
        push @res, $self->get_reply;
    }
    return @res;
}

=head2 $self->replies_to_fetch

return the number of commands sent to the server replies to which were not yet
retrieved with I or I. This number only includes
commands for which callback was not set.

=cut

sub replies_to_fetch {
    my $self = shift;
    return $self->{_to_be_fetched} + @{ $self->{_replies} };
}

=head2 $self->selected_database

get currently selected database.

=cut

sub selected_database {
    shift->{database};
}

=head2 $self->reset_connection

reset connection. This method closes existing connection and drops all
previously sent requests. After invoking this method the object returns to the
same state as it was returned by the constructor.

=cut

sub reset_connection {
    my $self = shift;
    delete $self->{$_} for grep /^_/, keys %$self;
    $self->{_replies} = [];
    $self->_init_parser;
    $self->{_to_be_fetched} = 0;
    return;
}

=head2 $self->version

return the version of the server the client is connected to. The version is
returned as a floating point number represented the same way as the perl
versions. E.g. for redis 2.1.12 it will return 2.001012.

=cut

sub version {
    my $self = shift;
    my $info = $self->info;
    $info->{redis_version} =~ /^([0-9]+)[.]([0-9]+)(?:[.]([0-9]+))?/
      or croak "Can't parse version string: $info->{redis_version}";
    $self->{_server_version} = $1 + 0.001 * $2 + ( $3 ? 0.000001 * $3 : 0 );
    return $self->{_server_version};
}

# don't forget to update POD
my @commands = qw(
  append	asking	auth	bgrewriteaof	bgsave	bitcount	bitop	bitpos
  blpop	brpop   brpoplpush	client	client_kill	client_getname	client_setname
  cluster	command
  config	config_get	config_set	config_resetstat	config_rewrite
  dbsize	debug_error	debug_object	debug_segfault
  decr	decrby	del	dump	echo	eval    evalsha exists	expire	expireat	flushall
  flushdb	geoadd	geodist	geohash	geopos	georadius	georadiusbymember
  get	getbit	getrange	getset	hdel	hexists	hget	hgetall
  hincrby	hincrbyfloat	hkeys	hlen	hmget	hscan	hmset	hset	hsetnx	hvals	incr	incrby
  incrbyfloat	keys	lastsave	lindex	linsert	llen	lpop	lpush	lpushx
  lrange	lrem	lset	ltrim	mget	migrate	move	mset	msetnx	object	object_refcount
  object_encoding	object_idletime	persist	pexpire	pexpireat	pfadd	pfcount	pfmerge	ping	psetex	pttl
  pubsub	pubsub_channels	pubsub_numsub	pubsub_numpat
  publish	quit	randomkey	rename	renamenx	restore	rpop	rpoplpush
  rpush	rpushx	sadd	save	scan	scard	script	script_exists   script_flush    script_kill
  script_load   sdiff	sdiffstore	select	set
  setbit	setex	setnx	setrange	sinter	sinterstore
  sismember	slaveof	slowlog smembers	smove	sort	spop	srandmember
  srem	sscan	strlen	sunion	sunionstore	time    ttl	type
  zadd	zcard	zcount	zincrby	zinterstore	zlexcount	zrange	zrangebylex
  zrangebyscore	zrank	zrem	zremrangebylex
  zremrangebyrank   zremrangebyscore	zrevrange	zrevrangebyscore	zrevrank
  zscan	zscore	zunionstore
);

sub _simple_commands {
    return @commands;
}

=head1 WRAPPER METHODS

Instead of using I and I methods directly, it may be
more convenient to use wrapper methods with names matching names of the redis
commands. These methods call I or I depending on the
presence of the callback argument. If callback is specified, the method invokes
I and returns as soon as the command has been sent to the server;
when the reply is received, it will be passed to the callback (see
L). If there is no callback, the method invokes
I, waits for the reply from the server, and returns it. E.g.:

    $val = $redis->get($key);
    # equivalent to
    $val = $redis->execute("get", $key);

    $redis->get($key, sub { $val = $_[1] });
    # equivalent to
    $redis->send_command("get", $key, sub { $val = $_[1] });

The following wrapper methods are defined: append, asking, auth, bgrewriteaof, bgsave,
bitcount, bitop, bitpos, blpop, brpop, brpoplpush, client, client_kill,
client_getname, client_setname, cluster, command, config, config_get, config_set,
config_resetstat, config_rewrite, dbsize, debug_error, debug_object, debug_segfault, decr,
decrby, del, dump, echo, eval, evalsha, exists, expire, expireat, flushall,
flushdb, geoadd, geodist, geohash, geopos, georadius, georadiusbymember,
get, getbit, getrange, getset, hdel, hexists, hget, hgetall, hincrby,
hincrbyfloat, hkeys, hlen, hmget, hscan, hmset, hset, hsetnx, hvals, incr,
incrby, incrbyfloat, keys, lastsave, lindex, linsert, llen, lpop, lpush,
lpushx, lrange, lrem, lset, ltrim, mget, migrate, move, mset, msetnx, object,
object_refcount, object_encoding, object_idletime, persist, pexpire, pexpireat,
pfadd, pfcount, pfmerge, ping, psetex, pttl, publish, pubsub, pubsub_channels, pubsub_numsub,
pubsub_numpat, quit, randomkey, rename, renamenx, restore, rpop, rpoplpush,
rpush, rpushx, sadd, save, scan, scard, script, script_exists, script_flush,
script_kill, script_load, sdiff, sdiffstore, select, set, setbit, setex, setnx,
setrange, sinter, sinterstore, sismember, slaveof, slowlog, smembers, smove,
sort, spop, srandmember, srem, sscan strlen, sunion, sunionstore, time,
ttl, type, unwatch, watch, zadd, zcard, zcount, zincrby, zinterstore,
zlexcount, zrange, zrangebylex, zrangebyscore, zrank, zrem, zremrangebylex,
zremrangebyrank, zremrangebyscore, zrevrange, zrevrangebyscore, zrevrank,
zscan, zscore, zunionstore.

See description of all commands in redis documentation at
L.

=cut

for my $command (@commands) {
    my @uccom = split /_/, uc $command;
    no strict 'refs';
    *{ __PACKAGE__ . "::$command" } = sub {
        my $self = shift;
        if ( ref $_[-1] eq 'CODE' ) {
            return $self->send_command( @uccom, @_ );
        }
        else {
            return $self->execute( @uccom, @_ );
        }
    };
}

=pod

The following commands implement some additional postprocessing of the results:

=cut

sub _execute_with_postprocess {
    my $self  = shift;
    my $ppsub = pop;
    if ( $_[-1] && ref $_[-1] eq 'CODE' ) {
        my $orig = pop;
        my $cb   = sub {
            my ( $redis, $reply ) = @_;
            $reply = $ppsub->($reply) unless _is_redisdb_error($reply);
            $orig->( $redis, $reply );
        };
        return $self->send_command( @_, $cb );
    }
    else {
        my $reply = $self->execute(@_);
        $reply = $ppsub->($reply) unless _is_redisdb_error($reply);
        return $reply;
    }
}

=head2 $self->info([\&callback])

return information and statistics about the server. Redis-server returns
information in form of I, the I method parses result and
returns it as a hash reference.

=cut

sub info {
    my $self = shift;
    return $self->_execute_with_postprocess('INFO', @_, \&_parse_info);
}

sub _parse_info {
    my $info = shift;
    return $info if !$info || ref $info;
    my %info = map { /^([^:]+):(.*)$/ } split /\r\n/, $info;
    return \%info;
}

=head2 $self->client_list([\&callback])

return list of clients connected to the server. This method parses server
output and returns result as reference to array of hashes.

=cut

sub client_list {
    my $self = shift;
    return $self->_execute_with_postprocess('CLIENT', 'LIST', @_, \&_parse_client_list);
}

sub _parse_client_list {
    my $list = shift;
    return $list if !$list || ref $list;
    my @clients = split /\015?\012/, $list;
    my $res = [];
    for (@clients) {
        my %cli = map { /^([^=]+)=(.*)$/ ? ( $1, $2 ) : () } split / /;
        push @$res, \%cli;
    }
    return $res;
}

=head2 $self->cluster_info([\&callback])

return information and statistics about the cluster. Redis-server returns
information in form of I, the I method parses result
and returns it as a hash reference.

=cut

sub cluster_info {
    my $self = shift;
    return $self->_execute_with_postprocess('CLUSTER', 'INFO', @_, \&_parse_info);
}

=head2 $self->cluster_nodes([\&callback])

return list of cluster nodes. Each node represented as a hash with the
following keys: node_id, address, host, port, flags, master_id, last_ping_sent,
last_pong_received, link_state, slots.

=cut

sub cluster_nodes {
    my $self = shift;
    return $self->_execute_with_postprocess( 'CLUSTER', 'NODES', @_,
        sub { $self->_parse_cluster_nodes(@_) } );
}

sub _parse_cluster_nodes {
    my ($self, $list) = @_;

    my @nodes;
    for ( split /^/, $list ) {
        my ( $node_id, $addr, $flags, $master_id, $ping, $pong, $state, @slots ) =
          split / /;
        my %flags = map { $_ => 1 } split /,/, $flags;
        my ( $host_port ) = split /@/, $addr;
        my ( $host, $port ) = split /:([^:]+)$/, $host_port;
        unless ($host) {
            $host = $self->{host}, $addr = "$self->{host}:$port",
        }
        my $node = {
            node_id            => $node_id,
            address            => $addr,
            host               => $host,
            port               => $port,
            flags              => \%flags,
            master_id          => $master_id,
            last_ping_sent     => $ping,
            last_pong_received => $pong,
            link_state         => $state,
            slots              => \@slots,
        };
        push @nodes, $node;
    }

    return \@nodes;
}

sub _parse_role {
    my $role = shift;

    my $parsed = {
        role => $role->[0],
    };
    if ( $parsed->{role} eq 'master' ) {
        $parsed->{replication_offset} = $role->[1];
        for ( @{ $role->[2] } ) {
            push @{ $parsed->{slaves} },
              {
                host               => $_->[0],
                port               => $_->[1],
                replication_offset => $_->[2],
              };
        }
    }
    elsif ( $parsed->{role} eq 'slave' ) {
        $parsed->{master} = {
            host => $role->[1],
            port => $role->[2],
        };
        $parsed->{status}             = $role->[3];
        $parsed->{replication_offset} = $role->[4];
    }
    elsif ( $parsed->{role} eq 'sentinel' ) {
        for ( @{ $role->[1] } ) {
            push @{ $parsed->{services} }, $_;
        }
    } else {
        confess "Unknown role $parsed->{role}";
    }

    return $parsed;
}

=head2 $self->role([\&callback])

return reference to a hash describing the role of the server. Hash contains
"role" element that can be either "master", "slave", or "sentinel". For master
hash will also contain "replication_offset" and "slaves" elements, for slave it
will contain "master", "status", and "replication_offset" elements, and for
sentinel it will contain "services".

=cut

sub role {
    my $self = shift;
    return $self->_execute_with_postprocess( 'ROLE', @_, \&_parse_role );
}

=head2 $self->shutdown

Shuts the redis server down. Returns undef, as the server doesn't send the
answer.  Croaks in case of the error.

=cut

sub shutdown {
    my $self = shift;
    $self->send_command_cb( 'SHUTDOWN', @_ );
    return;
}

=head2 $self->scan_all([MATCH => $pattern,][COUNT => $count,])

this method starts a new SCAN iteration and executes SCAN commands till cursor
returned by server is 0. It then returns all the keys returned by server during
the iteration. MATCH and COUNT are passed to SCAN command. In case of success
returns reference to array with matching keys, in case of error dies or returns
L object depending on I option.

=cut

sub scan_all {
    my $self = shift;
    if ( ref $_[-1] eq 'CODE' ) {
        croak "scan_all does not accept callback parameter";
    }
    my $cursor = 0;
    my @result;
    do {
        my $res = $self->execute( 'SCAN', $cursor, @_ );

        # in case of error just return it
        return $res unless ref $res eq 'ARRAY';
        $cursor = $res->[0];
        push @result, @{ $res->[1] };
    } while $cursor;
    return \@result;
}

=head2 $self->hscan_all($key, [MATCH => $pattern,][COUNT => $count,])

=head2 $self->sscan_all($key, [MATCH => $pattern,][COUNT => $count,])

=head2 $self->zscan_all($key, [MATCH => $pattern,][COUNT => $count,])

these three methods are doing the same thing as I except that they
require a key as the first parameter, and they iterate using HSCAN, SSCAN and
ZSCAN commands.

=cut

for my $command (qw(hscan sscan zscan)) {
    my $uccom = uc $command;
    no strict 'refs';
    my $name = "${command}_all";
    *{ __PACKAGE__ . "::$name" } = sub {
        my $self = shift;
        my $key  = shift;
        if ( ref $_[-1] eq 'CODE' ) {
            croak "$name does not accept callback parameter";
        }
        my $cursor = 0;
        my @result;
        do {
            my $res = $self->execute( $uccom, $key, $cursor, @_ );
            return $res unless ref $res eq 'ARRAY';
            $cursor = $res->[0];
            push @result, @{ $res->[1] };
        } while $cursor;
        return \@result;
    };
}

=head1 UTF-8 SUPPORT

The redis protocol is designed to work with the binary data, both keys and
values are encoded in the same way as sequences of octets.  By default this
module expects all data to be just strings of bytes. There is an option to
treat all data as UTF-8 strings. If you pass I parameter to the
constructor, module will encode all strings to UTF-8 before sending them to
server, and will decode all strings received from server from UTF-8. This has
following repercussions you should be aware off: first, you can't store binary
data on server with this option on, it would be treated as a sequence of latin1
characters, and would be converted into a corresponding sequence of UTF-8
encoded characters; second, if data returned by the server is not a valid UTF-8
encoded string, the module will croak, and you will have to reinitialize the
connection. The parser only checks for invalid UTF-8 byte sequences, it doesn't
check if input contains invalid code points. Generally, using this option is
not recommended.

=cut

=head1 ERROR HANDLING

If L parameter was set to true in the constructor (which is
default setting), then module will throw an exception in case network IO
function returned an error, or if redis-server returned an error reply. Network
exceptions belong to L or
L class, if redis-server returned an error
exception will be of L class. If the object was in subscription
mode, you will have to restore all the subscriptions. If the object was in the
middle of transaction, when after network error you will have to start the
transaction again.

If L parameter was disabled, then instead of throwing an
exception, module will return exception object and also pass this exception
object to every callback waiting for the reply from the server. If the object
is in subscription mode, then module will automatically restore all
subscriptions after reconnect. Note, that during transaction L is
always enabled, so any error will throw an exception.

=cut

=head1 HANDLING OF SERVER DISCONNECTS

Redis server may close a connection if it was idle for some time, also the
connection may be closed in case when redis-server was restarted, or just
because of the network problem. RedisDB always tries to restore connection to
the server if no data has been lost as a result of disconnect, and if
L parameter disabled it will try to reconnect even if disconnect
happened during data transmission.  E.g. if the client was idle for some time
and the redis server closed the connection, it will be transparently restored
when you send a command next time no matter if L enabled or not.
If you sent a command and the server has closed the connection without sending
a complete reply, then module will act differently depending on L
value.  If L enabled, the module will cancel all current
callbacks, reset the object to the initial state, and throw an exception of
L class, next time you use the object it will
establish a new connection. If L disabled, the module will pass
L object to all outstanding callbacks and will
try to reconnect to the server; it will also automatically restore
subscriptions if object was in subscription mode. Module never tries to
reconnect after MULTI or WATCH command was sent to server and before
corresponding UNWATCH, EXEC or DISCARD was sent as this may cause data
corruption, so during transaction module behaves like if L is
set.

Module makes several attempts to reconnect each time increasing interval before
the next attempt, depending on the values of L and
L. After each failed attempt to connect module will
invoke L callback which for example may change redis-server
hostname, so on next attempt module will try to connect to different server.

=cut

=head1 PIPELINING

You can send commands in the pipelining mode. It means you are sending multiple
commands to the server without waiting for the replies.  This is implemented by
the I method. Recommended way of using it is to pass a reference
to the callback function as the last argument.  When module receives reply from
the server, it will call this function with two arguments: reference to the
RedisDB object, and reply from the server. It is important to understand
though, that RedisDB does not run any background threads, neither it checks for
the replies by setting some timer, so e.g. in the following example callback
will never be invoked:

    my $pong;
    $redis->send_command( "ping", sub { $pong = $_[1] } );
    sleep 1 while not $pong;    # this will never return

Therefore you need periodically trigger check for the replies. The check is
triggered when you call the following methods: I, I,
I, I.  Calling wrapper method, like
C<< $redis->get('key') >>, will also trigger check as internally wrapper methods
use methods listed above.

Also you can omit callback argument when invoke I. In this case
you have to fetch reply later explicitly using I method. This is how
synchronous I is implemented, basically it is:

    sub execute {
        my $self = shift;
        $self->send_command(@_);
        return $self->get_reply;
    }

That is why it is not allowed to call I unless you have got replies to
all commands sent previously with I without callback. Using
I without callback is not recommended.

Sometimes you are not interested in replies sent by the server, e.g. SET
command usually just return 'OK', in this case you can pass to I
callback which ignores its arguments, or use C constant, it
is a no-op function:

    for (@keys) {
        # execute will not just send 'GET' command to the server,
        # but it will also receive response to the 'SET' command sent on
        # the previous loop iteration
        my $val = $redis->execute( "get", $_ );
        $redis->send_command( "set", $_, fun($val), RedisDB::IGNORE_REPLY );
    }
    # and this will wait for the last reply
    $redis->mainloop;

or using L you can rewrite it as:

    for (@keys) {
        my $val = $redis->get($_);
        $redis->set( $_, fun($val), RedisDB::IGNORE_REPLY );
    }
    $redis->mainloop;

=cut

=head1 PUB/SUB MESSAGING

RedisDB supports subscriptions to redis channels. In the subscription mode you
can subscribe to some channels and receive all the messages sent to these
channels. You can subscribe to channels and then manually check messages using
I method, or you can invoke I method, which will
block in loop waiting for messages and invoking callback for each received
message.  In the first case you can use I and I methods
to subscribe to channels and then you can use I method to get
messages from the channel:

    $redis->subscribe(
        foo => sub {
            my ( $redis, $channel, $patern, $message ) = @_;
            print "Foo: $message\n";
        }
    );
    # Wait for messages
    $res = $redis->get_reply;

I method for messages from the channel will invoke callback
specified as the second optional argument of the I method and will
also return raw replies from the server, both for messages from the channels
and for informational messages from the redis server. If you do not want to
block in I method, you can check if there are any messages using
I method.

In the second case you invoke I method, it subscribes to
specified channels and waits for messages, when a message arrived it invokes
callback defined for the channel from which the message came. Here is an
example:

    my $message_cb = sub {
        my ( $redis, $channel, $pattern, $message ) = @_;
        print "$channel: $message\n";
    };

    my $control_cb = sub {
        my ( $redis, $channel, $pattern, $message ) = @_;
        if ( $channel eq 'control.quit' ) {
            $redis->unsubscribe;
            $redis->punsubscribe;
        }
        elsif ( $channel eq 'control.subscribe' ) {
            $redis->subscribe($message);
        }
    };

    $redis->subscription_loop(
        subscribe        => [ 'news', ],
        psubscribe       => [ 'control.*' => $control_cb ],
        default_callback => $message_cb,
    );

subscription_loop will subscribe you to the "news" channel and "control.*"
channels. It will call specified callbacks every time a new message received.
When message came from "control.subscribe" channel, callback subscribes to an
additional channel. When message came from "control.quit" channel, callback
unsubscribes from all channels.

Callbacks used in subscription mode receive four arguments: the RedisDB object,
the channel from which the message came, the pattern if you subscribed to this
channel using I method, and the message itself.

Once you switched into subscription mode using either I or
I command, or by entering I, you only can send
I, I, I, and I commands to
the server, other commands will throw an exception.

You can publish messages into the channels using the I method. This
method should be called when you in the normal mode, and can't be used while
you're in the subscription mode.

Following methods can be used in subscription mode:

=cut

=head2 $self->subscription_loop(%parameters)

Enter into the subscription mode. The method subscribes you to the specified
channels, waits for the messages, and invokes the appropriate callback for
every received message. The method returns after you unsubscribed from all the
channels. It accepts the following parameters:

=over 4

=item default_callback

reference to the default callback. This callback is invoked for a message if you
didn't specify other callback for the channel this message comes from.

=item subscribe

an array reference. Contains the list of channels you want to subscribe. A
channel name may be optionally followed by the reference to a callback function
for this channel.  E.g.:

    [ 'news', 'messages', 'errors' => \&error_cb, 'other' ]

channels "news", "messages", and "other" will use default callback, but for
the "errors" channel error_cb function will be used.

=item psubscribe

same as subscribe, but you specify patterns for channels' names.

=back

All parameters are optional, but you must subscribe at least to one channel. Also
if default_callback is not specified, you have to explicitly specify a callback
for every channel you are going to subscribe.

=cut

sub subscription_loop {
    my ( $self, %args ) = @_;
    croak "Already in subscription loop" if $self->{_subscription_loop} > 0;
    croak "You can't start subscription loop while in pipelining mode."
      if $self->replies_to_fetch;
    $self->{_subscribed}  ||= {};
    $self->{_psubscribed} ||= {};
    $self->{_subscription_cb}   = $args{default_callback};
    $self->{_subscription_loop} = 1;
    $self->{_parser}->set_default_callback( \&_queue );

    if ( $args{subscribe} ) {
        while ( my $channel = shift @{ $args{subscribe} } ) {
            my $cb;
            $cb = shift @{ $args{subscribe} } if ref $args{subscribe}[0] eq 'CODE';
            $self->subscribe( $channel, $cb );
        }
    }
    if ( $args{psubscribe} ) {
        while ( my $channel = shift @{ $args{psubscribe} } ) {
            my $cb;
            $cb = shift @{ $args{psubscribe} } if ref $args{psubscribe}[0] eq 'CODE';
            $self->psubscribe( $channel, $cb );
        }
    }
    croak "You must subscribe at least to one channel"
      unless ( keys %{ $self->{_subscribed} } or keys %{ $self->{_psubscribed} } );

    while ( $self->{_subscription_loop} ) {
        $self->get_reply;
    }
    return;
}

=head2 $self->subscribe($channel[, \&callback])

Subscribe to the I<$channel>. If I<$callback> is not specified, default
callback will be used in subscription loop, or messages will be returned by
I if you are not using subscription loop.

=cut

sub subscribe {
    my ( $self, $channel, $callback ) = @_;
    unless ( $self->{_subscription_loop} ) {
        $self->{_subscription_loop} = -1;
        $self->{_subscription_cb}   = \&_queue;
        $self->{_parser}->set_default_callback( \&_queue );
    }
    croak "Subscribe to what channel?" unless length $channel;
    if ( $self->{_subscription_loop} > 0 ) {
        $callback ||= $self->{_subscription_cb}
          or croak "Callback for $channel not specified, neither default callback defined";
    }
    else {
        $callback ||= sub { 1 };
    }
    $self->{_subscribed}{$channel} = $callback;
    $self->send_command( "SUBSCRIBE", $channel, \&_queue );
    return;
}

=head2 $self->psubscribe($pattern[, \&callback])

Subscribe to channels matching I<$pattern>. If I<$callback> is not specified,
default callback will be used in subscription loop, or messages will be
returned by I if you are not using subscription loop.

=cut

sub psubscribe {
    my ( $self, $channel, $callback ) = @_;
    unless ( $self->{_subscription_loop} ) {
        $self->{_subscription_loop} = -1;
        $self->{_subscription_cb}   = \&_queue;
        $self->{_parser}->set_default_callback( \&_queue );
    }
    croak "Subscribe to what channel?" unless length $channel;
    if ( $self->{_subscription_loop} > 0 ) {
        $callback ||= $self->{_subscription_cb}
          or croak "Callback for $channel not specified, neither default callback defined";
    }
    else {
        $callback ||= sub { 1 };
    }
    $self->{_psubscribed}{$channel} = $callback;
    $self->send_command( "PSUBSCRIBE", $channel, \&_queue );
    return;
}

=head2 $self->unsubscribe([@channels])

Unsubscribe from the listed I<@channels>. If no channels was specified,
unsubscribe from all the channels to which you have subscribed using
I.

=cut

sub unsubscribe {
    my $self = shift;
    if (@_) {
        delete $self->{_subscribed}{$_} for @_;
    }
    else {
        $self->{_subscribed} = {};
    }
    if (   %{ $self->{_subscribed} }
        or %{ $self->{_psubscribed} || {} } )
    {
        return $self->send_command( "UNSUBSCRIBE", @_ );
    }
    else {
        delete $self->{_subscription_loop};
        $self->{_to_be_fetched} = 0;
        return $self->_connect;
    }
}

=head2 $self->punsubscribe([@patterns])

Unsubscribe from the listed I<@patterns>. If no patterns was specified,
unsubscribe from all the channels to which you have subscribed using
I.

=cut

sub punsubscribe {
    my $self = shift;
    if (@_) {
        delete $self->{_psubscribed}{$_} for @_;
    }
    else {
        $self->{_psubscribed} = {};
    }
    if (   %{ $self->{_subscribed} || {} }
        or %{ $self->{_psubscribed} } )
    {
        return $self->send_command( "PUNSUBSCRIBE", @_ );
    }
    else {
        delete $self->{_subscription_loop};
        $self->{_to_be_fetched} = 0;
        return $self->_connect;
    }
}

=head2 $self->subscribed

Return list of channels to which you have subscribed using I

=cut

sub subscribed {
    return keys %{ shift->{_subscribed} };
}

=head2 $self->psubscribed

Return list of channels to which you have subscribed using I

=cut

sub psubscribed {
    return keys %{ shift->{_psubscribed} };
}

=head1 TRANSACTIONS

Transactions allow you to execute a sequence of commands in a single step. In
order to start a transaction you should use the I method.  After you
have entered a transaction all the commands you issue are queued, but not
executed till you call the I method. Typically these commands return
string "QUEUED" as a result, but if there is an error in e.g. number of
arguments, they may return an error. When you call exec, all the queued
commands will be executed and exec will return a list of results for every
command in the transaction. If instead of I you call I, all
scheduled commands will be canceled.

You can set some keys as watched. If any watched key has been changed by
another client before you called exec, the transaction will be discarded and
exec will return false value.

=cut

=head2 $self->watch(@keys[, \&callback])

mark given keys to be watched

=cut

sub watch {
    my $self = shift;

    $self->{_watching} = 1;
    if ( ref $_[-1] eq 'CODE' ) {
        return $self->send_command( 'WATCH', @_ );
    }
    else {
        return $self->execute( 'WATCH', @_ );
    }
}

=head2 $self->unwatch([\&callback])

unwatch all keys

=cut

sub unwatch {
    my $self = shift;

    my $res;
    if ( ref $_[-1] eq 'CODE' ) {
        $res = $self->send_command( 'UNWATCH', @_ );
    }
    else {
        $res = $self->execute( 'UNWATCH', @_ );
    }
    $self->{_watching} = undef;
    return $res;
}

=head2 $self->multi([\&callback])

Enter the transaction. After this and till I or I will be called,
all the commands will be queued but not executed.

=cut

sub multi {
    my $self = shift;

    die "Multi calls can not be nested!" if $self->{_in_multi};
    $self->{_in_multi} = 1;
    if ( ref $_[-1] eq 'CODE' ) {
        return $self->send_command( 'MULTI', @_ );
    }
    else {
        return $self->execute('MULTI');
    }
}

=head2 $self->exec([\&callback])

Execute all queued commands and finish the transaction. Returns a list of
results for every command. Will croak if some command has failed.  Also
unwatches all the keys. If some of the watched keys has been changed by other
client, the transaction will be canceled and I will return false.

=cut

sub exec {
    my $self = shift;

    my $res;
    if ( ref $_[-1] eq 'CODE' ) {
        $res = $self->send_command( 'EXEC', @_ );
    }
    else {
        $res = $self->execute('EXEC');
    }
    $self->{_in_multi} = undef;
    $self->{_watching} = undef;
    return $res;
}

=head2 $self->discard([\&callback])

Discard all queued commands without executing them and unwatch all keys.

=cut

sub discard {
    my $self = shift;

    my $res;
    if ( ref $_[-1] eq 'CODE' ) {
        $res = $self->send_command( 'DISCARD', @_ );
    }
    else {
        $res = $self->execute('DISCARD');
    }
    $self->{_in_multi} = undef;
    $self->{_watching} = undef;
    return $res;
}

=head1 CLUSTER SUPPORT

For accessing redis cluster use L package

=head1 SENTINEL SUPPORT

For accessing redis servers managed by sentinel use L package

=cut

1;

__END__