File Coverage

blib/lib/Lingua/EN/VerbTense.pm

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	46	116	39.6
branch	6	34	17.6
condition			n/a
subroutine	6	15	40.0
pod	10	11	90.9
total	68	176	38.6

###################################
#
# Parse (v3) Parses English verb structures.
# Copyright (C) 2000 Chris Meyer
# [e-mail]
# 1143 5th Street East
# Altoona, WI 54720
#
# Simple Modal Support Added: July 19, 2000
# Sept 28, Josiah Bryan, [e-mail]:
#	-	Converted all verb, modal, and state files
#		to be stored in module file.
#	-	Cleaned up certain parts of the code.
#	-	Added verb().
#	-	Added simple POD docs
#
# Future:
#	- Josiah: Plans to convert the verb and modal
#			  tables to be loaded from Linga::EN::SimpleDict
#			  database files transport. (SimpleDict is not yet
#			  released - still under development.)
#	- Josiah: Plans to allow the system to 'guess' and save
#			  its guess internally for future useage on verbs
#			  not in its internal databases.
#
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
# as published by the Free Software Foundation.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA.
#
###################################

package Lingua::EN::VerbTense;

require Exporter;
@ISA = qw(Exporter);

%EXPORT_TAGS = (
'all' => [qw(verb verb_tense sFormPartInf sInfPartForm sIsModal sIsInfinitive sIsThird sIsPast sIsGerund sIsPart)],
'basic' => [qw(verb verb_tense)],
'tests' => [qw(sFormPartInf sInfPartForm sIsModal sIsInfinitive sIsThird sIsPast sIsGerund sIsPart)]
);
@EXPORT_OK = (
@{$EXPORT_TAGS{'all'}},
@{$EXPORT_TAGS{'tests'}},
@{$EXPORT_TAGS{'basic'}},
qw(verb verb_tense sFormPartInf sInfPartForm sIsModal sIsInfinitive sIsThird sIsPast sIsGerund sIsPart));

@EXPORT = qw(verb_tense);

$VERSION = '3.003';

use strict;

my %hModal = (
	can		=>	'Ability',
	could	=>	'Subjunctive Ability',
	shall	=>	'Future',
	should	=>	'Necessity',
	will	=>	'Future',
	would	=>	'Subjunctive',
	must	=>	'Requirement',
	may		=>	'Permission',
	might	=>	'Possibility',
	really	=>	'Affirmative',
);

my %hMastVerb;
my %hVerbIdx;

my $DEBUG = 0;

my $Modality;	# Global for discovered modality
my $Tense;		# Global for discovered Tense
my $Inf;		# Global for infinitive of discovered Verb

# fixed vars to make reading the indexs easier
my $INFINITIVE = 0;
my $THIRD = 1;
my $PAST = 2;
my $PART = 3;
my $GERUND = 4;

# Load States Table into hash variables
sub sLoadStates {
	no strict 'refs';
	my $hState;
	my $L;
	my @F;
	my $W;

	while ($L = )	{
		chomp $L;
		$L =~ s/\s+$//;
		if ($L =~ /^:/) {
			$L =~ s/^://;
			$hState = $L;
			$L = ;
			chop $L;
			$L =~ s/\s+$//;
			$$hState{state} = $L;
			next;
		}

		# Load tests
		if ($L =~ /^Tests/) {
			@F = split(/,/,$L);
			$W = shift @F;
			$$hState{$W} = [@F];
			my $aTest = $$hState{Tests};
			next;
		}

		if ($L =~ /,/) {
			@F = split(/,/,$L);
			$$hState{$F[0]} = $F[1];
		}
	}
}

sub verb {
	my $vInfinitive;
	my @F=@_;
	$vInfinitive = $F[$INFINITIVE];
    $hMastVerb{$vInfinitive}{Infinitive} = $F[$INFINITIVE];
    $hMastVerb{$vInfinitive}{Third} = $F[$THIRD];
    $hMastVerb{$vInfinitive}{Past} = $F[$PAST];
    $hMastVerb{$vInfinitive}{Part} = $F[$PART];
    $hMastVerb{$vInfinitive}{Gerund} = $F[$GERUND];
    $hVerbIdx{$F[$THIRD]}{Third} = $vInfinitive;
    $hVerbIdx{$F[$PAST]}{Past} = $vInfinitive;
    $hVerbIdx{$F[$PART]}{Part} = $vInfinitive;
    $hVerbIdx{$F[$GERUND]}{Gerund} = $vInfinitive;
	$hVerbIdx{$F[$INFINITIVE]}{Infinitive} = $vInfinitive;
}
#
# utility routines for accessing the verb 'tables
#

# usage sFormPart("going","Gerund") returns "go"
# if form of verb '
sub sFormPartInf {
    my $Form = shift (@_);
	my $Part = shift (@_);

	return ($hVerbIdx{$Form}->{$Part});
}

# usage sInfPartForm("go","Gerund") returns "going"
sub sInfPartForm {
    my $Inf = shift (@_);
	my $Part = shift (@_);

	return ($hMastVerb{$Inf}->{$Part});
}

#
# Test routines listed in the state tables.  If successful, they return
# the name of the thing tested for which in turn, passes control on to the
# next state.
#
sub sIsModal {
    my $W = shift @_;
	my $M;

	print "W = $W in sIsModal\n" if $DEBUG;
	if ($M = $hModal{$W}) {
		$Modality = $M;
		return "Modal";
	}
	print "M = #$M# in sIsModal\n" if $DEBUG;
	return "";
}

sub sIsInfinitive {
    my $W = shift @_;
	my $I;

	if (my $I = sFormPartInf($W,"Infinitive")) {
		$Inf = $I;
		return "Infinitive";
	}
	return "";
}

sub sIsThird {
    my $W = shift @_;

	if (my $I = sFormPartInf($W,"Third")) {
		$Inf = $I;
		return "Third";
	}
	return "";
}

sub sIsPast {
    my $W = shift @_;

	if (my $I = sFormPartInf($W,"Past")) {
		$Inf = $I;
		return "Past";
	}
	return "";
}

sub sIsGerund {
    my $W = shift @_;

	if (my $I = sFormPartInf($W,"Gerund")) {
		$Inf = $I;
		return "Gerund";
	}
	return "";
}

sub sIsPart {
    my $W = shift @_;
	if (my $I = sFormPartInf($W,"Part")) {
		$Inf = $I;
		return "Part";
	}
	return "";
}

sub verb_tense {
	no strict 'refs';
    my $self = shift if(substr($_[0],0,4) eq 'AI::');
	my $S = shift @_;
	my $W;
	my @aW;
	my $hStart = "start";
	my $Form;
	my $sTest;
	my $apTest;
	my $Test;

	$Modality = "None";

	@aW = split(/\s+/,$S);
	foreach $W (@aW) {
		print "state: $hStart\n" if $DEBUG;
		if (exists $$hStart{$W}) {
			$hStart = $$hStart{$W};
			next;
		}

		$apTest = $$hStart{Tests};
		foreach $sTest (@$apTest) {
			$Test = &$sTest($W);
			if ($Test ne "") {
				$hStart = $$hStart{$Test};
				last;
			}
		}
	}

	$Tense = $$hStart{state};

	# adjust for event of bare helping verb 'in which case be or have returned
	# at end of tense description
	if ($Tense =~ /\sHave$/) {
		$Inf = "have";
		$Tense =~ s/\s+Have$//;
	}
	if ($Tense =~ /\sBe$/) {
		$Inf = "be";
		$Tense =~ s/\s+Be$//;
	}
	return ($Modality, $Tense, $Inf);
}

sLoadStates();

no strict 'subs';
verb 'accept','accepts','accepted','accepted','accepting';
verb 'add','adds','added','added','adding';
verb 'admire','admires','admired','admired','admiring';
verb 'admit','admits','admited','admited','admiting';
verb 'advise','advises','advised','advised','advising';
verb 'afford','affords','afforded','afforded','affording';
verb 'agree','agrees','agreed','agreed','agreeing';
verb 'alert','alerts','alerted','alerted','alerting';
verb 'allow','allows','allowed','allowed','allowing';
verb 'amuse','amuses','amused','amused','amusing';
verb 'analyse','analyses','analysed','analysed','analysing';
verb 'announce','announces','announced','announced','announcing';
verb 'annoy','annoys','annoyed','annoyed','annoying';
verb 'answer','answers','answered','answered','answering';
verb 'apologise','apologises','apologised','apologised','apologising';
verb 'appear','appears','appeared','appeared','appearing';
verb 'applaud','applauds','applauded','applauded','applauding';
verb 'appreciate','appreciates','appreciated','appreciated','appreciating';
verb 'approve','approves','approved','approved','approving';
verb 'argue','argues','argueed','argueed','argueing';
verb 'arrange','arranges','arranged','arranged','arranging';
verb 'arrest','arrests','arrested','arrested','arresting';
verb 'arrive','arrives','arrived','arrived','arriving';
verb 'ask','asks','asked','asked','asking';
verb 'attach','attaches','attached','attached','attaching';
verb 'attack','attacks','attacked','attacked','attacking';
verb 'attempt','attempts','attempted','attempted','attempting';
verb 'attend','attends','attended','attended','attending';
verb 'attract','attracts','attracted','attracted','attracting';
verb 'avoid','avoids','avoided','avoided','avoiding';
verb 'back','backs','backed','backed','backing';
verb 'bake','bakes','baked','baked','baking';
verb 'balance','balances','balanced','balanced','balancing';
verb 'ban','bans','banned','banned','banning';
verb 'bang','bangs','banged','banged','banging';
verb 'bare','bares','bared','bared','baring';
verb 'bat','bats','batted','batted','batting';
verb 'bathe','bathes','bathed','bathed','bathing';
verb 'battle','battles','battled','battled','battling';
verb 'be','is','were','been','being';
verb 'beam','beams','beamed','beamed','beaming';
verb 'bear','bears','bore','born','bearing';
verb 'beat','beats','beat','beaten','beating';
verb 'beg','begs','begged','begged','begging';
verb 'behave','behaves','behaved','behaved','behaving';
verb 'belong','belongs','belonged','belonged','belonging';
verb 'bend','bends','bent','bent','bending';
verb 'bid','bids','bade','bidden','bidding';
verb 'bind','binds','bound','bound','binding';
verb 'bite','bites','bit','bitten','biting';
verb 'bleach','bleaches','bleached','bleached','bleaching';
verb 'bleed','bleeds','bled','bled','bleeding';
verb 'bless','blesses','blessed','blessed','blessing';
verb 'blind','blinds','blinded','blinded','blinding';
verb 'blink','blinks','blinked','blinked','blinking';
verb 'blot','blots','blotted','blotted','blotting';
verb 'blow','blows','blew','blown','blowwing';
verb 'blush','blushes','blushed','blushed','blushing';
verb 'boast','boasts','boasted','boasted','boasting';
verb 'boil','boils','boiled','boiled','boiling';
verb 'bolt','bolts','bolted','bolted','bolting';
verb 'bomb','bombs','bombed','bombed','bombing';
verb 'book','books','booked','booked','booking';
verb 'bore','bores','bored','bored','boring';
verb 'borrow','borrows','borrowed','borrowed','borrowing';
verb 'bounce','bounces','bounced','bounced','bouncing';
verb 'bow','bows','bowwed','bowwed','bowwing';
verb 'box','boxes','boxxed','boxxed','boxxing';
verb 'brake','brakes','braked','braked','braking';
verb 'branch','branches','branched','branched','branching';
verb 'break','breaks','broke','broken','breaking';
verb 'breathe','breathes','breathed','breathed','breathing';
verb 'breed','breeds','bred','bred','breeding';
verb 'bring','brings','brought','brought','bringing';
verb 'bruise','bruises','bruised','bruised','bruising';
verb 'brush','brushes','brushed','brushed','brushing';
verb 'bubble','bubbles','bubbled','bubbled','bubbling';
verb 'build','builds','built','built','building';
verb 'bump','bumps','bumped','bumped','bumping';
verb 'burn','burns','burned','burned','burning';
verb 'bury','buries','buried','buried','burying';
verb 'buy','buys','bought','bought','buying';
verb 'buzz','buzzes','buzzed','buzzed','buzzing';
verb 'calculate','calculates','calculated','calculated','calculating';
verb 'call','calls','called','called','calling';
verb 'camp','camps','camped','camped','camping';
verb 'care','cares','cared','cared','caring';
verb 'carry','carries','carried','carried','carrying';
verb 'carve','carves','carved','carved','carving';
verb 'catch','catches','caught','caught','catching';
verb 'cause','causes','caused','caused','causing';
verb 'challenge','challenges','challenged','challenged','challenging';
verb 'change','changes','changed','changed','changing';
verb 'charge','charges','charged','charged','charging';
verb 'chase','chases','chased','chased','chasing';
verb 'cheat','cheats','cheated','cheated','cheating';
verb 'check','checks','checked','checked','checking';
verb 'cheer','cheers','cheered','cheered','cheering';
verb 'chew','chews','chewwed','chewwed','chewwing';
verb 'choke','chokes','choked','choked','choking';
verb 'chop','chops','chopped','chopped','chopping';
verb 'claim','claims','claimed','claimed','claiming';
verb 'clap','claps','clapped','clapped','clapping';
verb 'clean','cleans','cleaned','cleaned','cleaning';
verb 'clear','clears','cleared','cleared','clearing';
verb 'clip','clips','clipped','clipped','clipping';
verb 'close','closes','closed','closed','closing';
verb 'coach','coaches','coached','coached','coaching';
verb 'coil','coils','coiled','coiled','coiling';
verb 'collect','collects','collected','collected','collecting';
verb 'colour','colours','coloured','coloured','colouring';
verb 'comb','combs','combed','combed','combing';
verb 'come','comes','came','come','coming';
verb 'command','commands','commanded','commanded','commanding';
verb 'communicate','communicates','communicated','communicated','communicating';
verb 'compare','compares','compared','compared','comparing';
verb 'compete','competes','competed','competed','competing';
verb 'complain','complains','complained','complained','complaining';
verb 'complete','completes','completed','completed','completing';
verb 'concentrate','concentrates','concentrated','concentrated','concentrating';
verb 'concern','concerns','concerned','concerned','concerning';
verb 'confess','confesses','confessed','confessed','confessing';
verb 'confuse','confuses','confused','confused','confusing';
verb 'connect','connects','connected','connected','connecting';
verb 'consider','considers','considered','considered','considering';
verb 'consist','consists','consisted','consisted','consisting';
verb 'contain','contains','contained','contained','containing';
verb 'continue','continues','continueed','continueed','continueing';
verb 'copy','copies','copied','copied','copying';
verb 'correct','corrects','corrected','corrected','correcting';
verb 'cough','coughs','coughed','coughed','coughing';
verb 'count','counts','counted','counted','counting';
verb 'cover','covers','covered','covered','covering';
verb 'crack','cracks','cracked','cracked','cracking';
verb 'crash','crashes','crashed','crashed','crashing';
verb 'crawl','crawls','crawled','crawled','crawling';
verb 'create','creates','created','created','creating';
verb 'creep','creeps','crept','crept','creeping';
verb 'cross','crosses','crossed','crossed','crossing';
verb 'crush','crushes','crushed','crushed','crushing';
verb 'cry','cries','cried','cried','crying';
verb 'cure','cures','cured','cured','curing';
verb 'curl','curls','curled','curled','curling';
verb 'curve','curves','curved','curved','curving';
verb 'cut','cuts','cut','cut','cutting';
verb 'cycle','cycles','cycled','cycled','cycling';
verb 'dam','dams','dammed','dammed','damming';
verb 'damage','damages','damaged','damaged','damaging';
verb 'dance','dances','danced','danced','dancing';
verb 'dare','dares','dared','dared','daring';
verb 'deal','deals','dealt','dealt','dealing';
verb 'decay','decays','decayed','decayed','decaying';
verb 'deceive','deceives','deceived','deceived','deceiving';
verb 'decide','decides','decided','decided','deciding';
verb 'decorate','decorates','decorated','decorated','decorating';
verb 'delay','delays','delayed','delayed','delaying';
verb 'delight','delights','delighted','delighted','delighting';
verb 'deliver','delivers','delivered','delivered','delivering';
verb 'depend','depends','depended','depended','depending';
verb 'describe','describes','described','described','describing';
verb 'desert','deserts','deserted','deserted','deserting';
verb 'deserve','deserves','deserved','deserved','deserving';
verb 'desire','desires','desired','desired','desiring';
verb 'destroy','destroys','destroyed','destroyed','destroying';
verb 'detect','detects','detected','detected','detecting';
verb 'develop','develops','developed','developed','developing';
verb 'dig','digs','dug','dug','digging';
verb 'disagree','disagrees','disagreed','disagreed','disagreeing';
verb 'disappear','disappears','disappeared','disappeared','disappearing';
verb 'disapprove','disapproves','disapproved','disapproved','disapproving';
verb 'disarm','disarms','disarmed','disarmed','disarming';
verb 'discover','discovers','discovered','discovered','discovering';
verb 'dislike','dislikes','disliked','disliked','disliking';
verb 'dive','dives','dove','dived','diving';
verb 'divide','divides','divided','divided','dividing';
verb 'do','does','did','done','doing';
verb 'double','doubles','doubled','doubled','doubling';
verb 'doubt','doubts','doubted','doubted','doubting';
verb 'drag','drags','dragged','dragged','dragging';
verb 'drain','drains','drained','drained','draining';
verb 'draw','draws','drew','drawn','drawwing';
verb 'dream','dreams','dreamed','dreamed','dreaming';
verb 'dress','dresses','dressed','dressed','dressing';
verb 'dribble','dribbles','dribbled','dribbled','dribbling';
verb 'drink','drinks','drank','drunk','drinking';
verb 'drip','drips','dripped','dripped','dripping';
verb 'drive','drives','drove','driven','driving';
verb 'drop','drops','dropped','dropped','dropping';
verb 'drown','drowns','drowned','drowned','drowning';
verb 'drum','drums','drummed','drummed','drumming';
verb 'dry','dries','dried','dried','drying';
verb 'dust','dusts','dusted','dusted','dusting';
verb 'dwell','dwells','dwelt','dwelt','dwelling';
verb 'earn','earns','earned','earned','earning';
verb 'eat','eats','ate','eaten','eating';
verb 'educate','educates','educated','educated','educating';
verb 'embarrass','embarrasses','embarrassed','embarrassed','embarrassing';
verb 'employ','employs','employed','employed','employing';
verb 'empty','empties','emptied','emptied','emptying';
verb 'encourage','encourages','encouraged','encouraged','encouraging';
verb 'end','ends','ended','ended','ending';
verb 'enjoy','enjoys','enjoyed','enjoyed','enjoying';
verb 'enter','enters','entered','entered','entering';
verb 'entertain','entertains','entertained','entertained','entertaining';
verb 'escape','escapes','escaped','escaped','escaping';
verb 'examine','examines','examined','examined','examining';
verb 'excite','excites','excited','excited','exciting';
verb 'excuse','excuses','excused','excused','excusing';
verb 'exercise','exercises','exercised','exercised','exercising';
verb 'exist','exists','existed','existed','existing';
verb 'expand','expands','expanded','expanded','expanding';
verb 'expect','expects','expected','expected','expecting';
verb 'explain','explains','explained','explained','explaining';
verb 'explode','explodes','exploded','exploded','exploding';
verb 'extend','extends','extended','extended','extending';
verb 'face','faces','faced','faced','facing';
verb 'fade','fades','faded','faded','fading';
verb 'fail','fails','failed','failed','failing';
verb 'fall','falls','fell','fallen','falling';
verb 'fancy','fancies','fancied','fancied','fancying';
verb 'fart','farts','farted','farted','farting';
verb 'fasten','fastens','fastened','fastened','fastening';
verb 'fax','faxes','faxxed','faxxed','faxxing';
verb 'fear','fears','feared','feared','fearing';
verb 'feed','feeds','fed','fed','feeding';
verb 'feel','feels','felt','felt','feeling';
verb 'fence','fences','fenced','fenced','fencing';
verb 'fetch','fetches','fetched','fetched','fetching';
verb 'fight','fights','fought','fought','fighting';
verb 'file','files','filed','filed','filing';
verb 'fill','fills','filled','filled','filling';
verb 'film','films','filmed','filmed','filming';
verb 'find','finds','found','found','finding';
verb 'fire','fires','fired','fired','firing';
verb 'fit','fits','fitted','fitted','fitting';
verb 'fix','fixes','fixxed','fixxed','fixxing';
verb 'flap','flaps','flapped','flapped','flapping';
verb 'flash','flashes','flashed','flashed','flashing';
verb 'flee','flees','fled','fled','fleeing';
verb 'float','floats','floated','floated','floating';
verb 'flood','floods','flooded','flooded','flooding';
verb 'flow','flows','flowwed','flowwed','flowwing';
verb 'flower','flowers','flowered','flowered','flowering';
verb 'fly','flies','flew','flown','flying';
verb 'fold','folds','folded','folded','folding';
verb 'follow','follows','followed','followed','following';
verb 'fool','fools','fooled','fooled','fooling';
verb 'force','forces','forced','forced','forcing';
verb 'form','forms','formed','formed','forming';
verb 'forsake','forsakes','forsook','forsaken','forsaking';
verb 'found','founds','founded','founded','founding';
verb 'frame','frames','framed','framed','framing';
verb 'freeze','freezes','froze','frozen','freezing';
verb 'frighten','frightens','frightened','frightened','frightening';
verb 'fry','fries','fried','fried','frying';
verb 'fuck','fucks','fucked','fucked','fucking';
verb 'gather','gathers','gathered','gathered','gathering';
verb 'gaze','gazes','gazed','gazed','gazing';
verb 'get','gets','got','gotten','getting';
verb 'glow','glows','glowwed','glowwed','glowwing';
verb 'glue','glues','glueed','glueed','glueing';
verb 'go','goes','went','gone','going';
verb 'grab','grabs','grabbed','grabbed','grabbing';
verb 'grate','grates','grated','grated','grating';
verb 'grease','greases','greased','greased','greasing';
verb 'greet','greets','greeted','greeted','greeting';
verb 'grin','grins','grinned','grinned','grinning';
verb 'grind','grinds','ground','ground','grinding';
verb 'grip','grips','gripped','gripped','gripping';
verb 'groan','groans','groaned','groaned','groaning';
verb 'grow','grows','grew','grown','growwing';
verb 'guarantee','guarantees','guaranteed','guaranteed','guaranteeing';
verb 'guard','guards','guarded','guarded','guarding';
verb 'guess','guesses','guessed','guessed','guessing';
verb 'guide','guides','guided','guided','guiding';
verb 'hammer','hammers','hammered','hammered','hammering';
verb 'hand','hands','handed','handed','handing';
verb 'handle','handles','handled','handled','handling';
verb 'hang','hangs','hanged','hanged','hanging';
verb 'happen','happens','happened','happened','happening';
verb 'harass','harasses','harassed','harassed','harassing';
verb 'harm','harms','harmed','harmed','harming';
verb 'hate','hates','hated','hated','hating';
verb 'haunt','haunts','haunted','haunted','haunting';
verb 'have','haves','had','had','having';
verb 'head','heads','headed','headed','heading';
verb 'heal','heals','healed','healed','healing';
verb 'heap','heaps','heaped','heaped','heaping';
verb 'hear','hears','heard','heard','hearing';
verb 'heat','heats','heated','heated','heating';
verb 'help','helps','helped','helped','helping';
verb 'hew','hews','hewed','hewn','hewwing';
verb 'hide','hides','hid','hid','hiding';
verb 'hit','hits','hit','hit','hitting';
verb 'hold','holds','held','held','holding';
verb 'hook','hooks','hooked','hooked','hooking';
verb 'hop','hops','hopped','hopped','hopping';
verb 'hope','hopes','hoped','hoped','hoping';
verb 'hover','hovers','hovered','hovered','hovering';
verb 'hug','hugs','hugged','hugged','hugging';
verb 'hum','hums','hummed','hummed','humming';
verb 'hunt','hunts','hunted','hunted','hunting';
verb 'hurry','hurries','hurried','hurried','hurrying';
verb 'hurt','hurts','hurt','hurt','hurting';
verb 'identify','identifies','identified','identified','identifying';
verb 'ignore','ignores','ignored','ignored','ignoring';
verb 'imagine','imagines','imagined','imagined','imagining';
verb 'impress','impresses','impressed','impressed','impressing';
verb 'improve','improves','improved','improved','improving';
verb 'include','includes','included','included','including';
verb 'increase','increases','increased','increased','increasing';
verb 'influence','influences','influenced','influenced','influencing';
verb 'inform','informs','informed','informed','informing';
verb 'inject','injects','injected','injected','injecting';
verb 'injure','injures','injured','injured','injuring';
verb 'instruct','instructs','instructed','instructed','instructing';
verb 'intend','intends','intended','intended','intending';
verb 'interest','interests','interested','interested','interesting';
verb 'interfere','interferes','interfered','interfered','interfering';
verb 'interrupt','interrupts','interrupted','interrupted','interrupting';
verb 'introduce','introduces','introduced','introduced','introducing';
verb 'invent','invents','invented','invented','inventing';
verb 'invite','invites','invited','invited','inviting';
verb 'irritate','irritates','irritated','irritated','irritating';
verb 'itch','itches','itched','itched','itching';
verb 'jail','jails','jailed','jailed','jailing';
verb 'jam','jams','jammed','jammed','jamming';
verb 'jog','jogs','jogged','jogged','jogging';
verb 'join','joins','joined','joined','joining';
verb 'joke','jokes','joked','joked','joking';
verb 'judge','judges','judged','judged','judging';
verb 'juggle','juggles','juggled','juggled','juggling';
verb 'jump','jumps','jumped','jumped','jumping';
verb 'keep','keeps','kept','kept','keeping';
verb 'kick','kicks','kicked','kicked','kicking';
verb 'kill','kills','killed','killed','killing';
verb 'kiss','kisses','kissed','kissed','kissing';
verb 'kneel','kneels','kneeled','kneeled','kneeling';
verb 'knit','knits','knitted','knitted','knitting';
verb 'knock','knocks','knocked','knocked','knocking';
verb 'knot','knots','knotted','knotted','knotting';
verb 'know','knows','knew','known','knowwing';
verb 'label','labels','labeled','labeled','labeling';
verb 'land','lands','landed','landed','landing';
verb 'last','lasts','lasted','lasted','lasting';
verb 'laugh','laughs','laughed','laughed','laughing';
verb 'launch','launches','launched','launched','launching';
verb 'lead','leads','lead','lead','leading';
verb 'leap','leaps','leaped','leaped','leaping';
verb 'learn','learns','learned','learned','learning';
verb 'leave','leaves','left','left','leaving';
verb 'lend','lends','lent','lent','lending';
verb 'let','lets','let','let','letting';
verb 'level','levels','leveled','leveled','leveling';
verb 'license','licenses','licensed','licensed','licensing';
verb 'lick','licks','licked','licked','licking';
verb 'lie','lies','lied','lied','lying';
verb 'light','lights','lit','lit','lighting';
verb 'lighten','lightens','lightened','lightened','lightening';
verb 'like','likes','liked','liked','liking';
verb 'list','lists','listed','listed','listing';
verb 'listen','listens','listened','listened','listening';
verb 'live','lives','lived','lived','living';
verb 'load','loads','loaded','loaded','loading';
verb 'lock','locks','locked','locked','locking';
verb 'long','longs','longed','longed','longing';
verb 'look','looks','looked','looked','looking';
verb 'love','loves','loved','loved','loving';
verb 'make','makes','made','made','making';
verb 'man','mans','manned','manned','manning';
verb 'manage','manages','managed','managed','managing';
verb 'march','marches','marched','marched','marching';
verb 'mark','marks','marked','marked','marking';
verb 'marry','marries','married','married','marrying';
verb 'match','matches','matched','matched','matching';
verb 'mate','mates','mated','mated','mating';
verb 'matter','matters','mattered','mattered','mattering';
verb 'mean','means','meant','meant','meaning';
verb 'measure','measures','measured','measured','measuring';
verb 'meddle','meddles','meddled','meddled','meddling';
verb 'meet','meets','met','met','meeting';
verb 'melt','melts','melted','melted','melting';
verb 'memorise','memorises','memorised','memorised','memorising';
verb 'mend','mends','mended','mended','mending';
verb 'mess up','mess ups','mess uped','mess uped','mess uping';
verb 'milk','milks','milked','milked','milking';
verb 'mine','mines','mined','mined','mining';
verb 'miss','misses','missed','missed','missing';
verb 'mix','mixes','mixxed','mixxed','mixxing';
verb 'moan','moans','moaned','moaned','moaning';
verb 'moor','moors','moored','moored','mooring';
verb 'mourn','mourns','mourned','mourned','mourning';
verb 'move','moves','moved','moved','moving';
verb 'muddle','muddles','muddled','muddled','muddling';
verb 'mug','mugs','mugged','mugged','mugging';
verb 'multiply','multiplies','multiplied','multiplied','multiplying';
verb 'murder','murders','murdered','murdered','murdering';
verb 'nail','nails','nailed','nailed','nailing';
verb 'name','names','named','named','naming';
verb 'need','needs','needed','needed','needing';
verb 'nest','nests','nested','nested','nesting';
verb 'nod','nods','nodded','nodded','nodding';
verb 'note','notes','noted','noted','noting';
verb 'notice','notices','noticed','noticed','noticing';
verb 'number','numbers','numbered','numbered','numbering';
verb 'obey','obeys','obeyed','obeyed','obeying';
verb 'object','objects','objected','objected','objecting';
verb 'observe','observes','observed','observed','observing';
verb 'obtain','obtains','obtained','obtained','obtaining';
verb 'occur','occurs','occured','occured','occuring';
verb 'offend','offends','offended','offended','offending';
verb 'offer','offers','offered','offered','offering';
verb 'open','opens','opened','opened','opening';
verb 'order','orders','ordered','ordered','ordering';
verb 'ought','oughts','ought','ought','oughting';
verb 'overflow','overflows','overflowed','overflowed','overflowing';
verb 'owe','owes','owed','owed','owing';
verb 'own','owns','owned','owned','owning';
verb 'pack','packs','packed','packed','packing';
verb 'paddle','paddles','paddled','paddled','paddling';
verb 'paint','paints','painted','painted','painting';
verb 'park','parks','parked','parked','parking';
verb 'part','parts','parted','parted','parting';
verb 'pass','passes','passed','passed','passing';
verb 'paste','pastes','pasted','pasted','pasting';
verb 'pat','pats','patted','patted','patting';
verb 'pause','pauses','paused','paused','pausing';
verb 'peck','pecks','pecked','pecked','pecking';
verb 'pedal','pedals','pedaled','pedaled','pedaling';
verb 'peel','peels','peeled','peeled','peeling';
verb 'peep','peeps','peeped','peeped','peeping';
verb 'perform','performs','performed','performed','performing';
verb 'permit','permits','permited','permited','permiting';
verb 'phone','phones','phoned','phoned','phoning';
verb 'pick','picks','picked','picked','picking';
verb 'pinch','pinches','pinched','pinched','pinching';
verb 'pine','pines','pined','pined','pining';
verb 'place','places','placed','placed','placing';
verb 'plan','plans','planned','planned','planning';
verb 'plant','plants','planted','planted','planting';
verb 'play','plays','played','played','playing';
verb 'plead','pleads','pleaded','pleaded','pleading';
verb 'please','pleases','pleased','pleased','pleasing';
verb 'plug','plugs','plugged','plugged','plugging';
verb 'point','points','pointed','pointed','pointing';
verb 'poke','pokes','poked','poked','poking';
verb 'polish','polishes','polished','polished','polishing';
verb 'pop','pops','popped','popped','popping';
verb 'possess','possesses','possessed','possessed','possessing';
verb 'post','posts','posted','posted','posting';
verb 'pour','pours','poured','poured','pouring';
verb 'practise','practises','practised','practised','practising';
verb 'pray','prays','prayed','prayed','praying';
verb 'preach','preaches','preached','preached','preaching';
verb 'precede','precedes','preceded','preceded','preceding';
verb 'prefer','prefers','prefered','prefered','prefering';
verb 'prepare','prepares','prepared','prepared','preparing';
verb 'present','presents','presented','presented','presenting';
verb 'preserve','preserves','preserved','preserved','preserving';
verb 'press','presses','pressed','pressed','pressing';
verb 'pretend','pretends','pretended','pretended','pretending';
verb 'prevent','prevents','prevented','prevented','preventing';
verb 'prick','pricks','pricked','pricked','pricking';
verb 'print','prints','printed','printed','printing';
verb 'produce','produces','produced','produced','producing';
verb 'program','programs','programed','programed','programing';
verb 'promise','promises','promised','promised','promising';
verb 'protect','protects','protected','protected','protecting';
verb 'prove','proves','proved','proven','proving';
verb 'provide','provides','provided','provided','providing';
verb 'pull','pulls','pulled','pulled','pulling';
verb 'pump','pumps','pumped','pumped','pumping';
verb 'punch','punches','punched','punched','punching';
verb 'puncture','punctures','punctured','punctured','puncturing';
verb 'punish','punishes','punished','punished','punishing';
verb 'push','pushes','pushed','pushed','pushing';
verb 'put','puts','put','put','putting';
verb 'question','questions','questioned','questioned','questioning';
verb 'queue','queues','queueed','queueed','queueing';
verb 'race','races','raced','raced','racing';
verb 'radiate','radiates','radiated','radiated','radiating';
verb 'rain','rains','rained','rained','raining';
verb 'raise','raises','raised','raised','raising';
verb 'reach','reaches','reached','reached','reaching';
verb 'read','reads','read','read','reading';
verb 'realise','realises','realised','realised','realising';
verb 'receive','receives','received','received','receiving';
verb 'recognise','recognises','recognised','recognised','recognising';
verb 'record','records','recorded','recorded','recording';
verb 'reduce','reduces','reduced','reduced','reducing';
verb 'reflect','reflects','reflected','reflected','reflecting';
verb 'refuse','refuses','refused','refused','refusing';
verb 'regret','regrets','regreted','regreted','regreting';
verb 'reign','reigns','reigned','reigned','reigning';
verb 'reject','rejects','rejected','rejected','rejecting';
verb 'rejoice','rejoices','rejoiced','rejoiced','rejoicing';
verb 'relax','relaxes','relaxed','relaxed','relaxing';
verb 'release','releases','released','released','releasing';
verb 'rely','relies','relied','relied','relying';
verb 'remain','remains','remained','remained','remaining';
verb 'remember','remembers','remembered','remembered','remembering';
verb 'remind','reminds','reminded','reminded','reminding';
verb 'remove','removes','removed','removed','removing';
verb 'repair','repairs','repaired','repaired','repairing';
verb 'repeat','repeats','repeated','repeated','repeating';
verb 'replace','replaces','replaced','replaced','replacing';
verb 'reply','replies','replied','replied','replying';
verb 'report','reports','reported','reported','reporting';
verb 'reproduce','reproduces','reproduced','reproduced','reproducing';
verb 'request','requests','requested','requested','requesting';
verb 'rescue','rescues','rescueed','rescueed','rescueing';
verb 'retire','retires','retired','retired','retiring';
verb 'return','returns','returned','returned','returning';
verb 'rhyme','rhymes','rhymed','rhymed','rhyming';
verb 'ride','rides','rode','ridden','riding';
verb 'ring','rings','rang','rung','ringing';
verb 'rinse','rinses','rinsed','rinsed','rinsing';
verb 'rise','rises','rose','risen','rising';
verb 'risk','risks','risked','risked','risking';
verb 'rob','robs','robbed','robbed','robbing';
verb 'rock','rocks','rocked','rocked','rocking';
verb 'roll','rolls','rolled','rolled','rolling';
verb 'rot','rots','rotted','rotted','rotting';
verb 'rub','rubs','rubbed','rubbed','rubbing';
verb 'ruin','ruins','ruined','ruined','ruining';
verb 'rule','rules','ruled','ruled','ruling';
verb 'run','runs','ran','run','running';
verb 'rush','rushes','rushed','rushed','rushing';
verb 'sack','sacks','sacked','sacked','sacking';
verb 'sail','sails','sailed','sailed','sailing';
verb 'satisfy','satisfies','satisfied','satisfied','satisfying';
verb 'save','saves','saved','saved','saving';
verb 'saw','saws','sawwed','sawwed','sawwing';
verb 'say','says','said','said','saying';
verb 'scare','scares','scared','scared','scaring';
verb 'scatter','scatters','scattered','scattered','scattering';
verb 'scold','scolds','scolded','scolded','scolding';
verb 'scorch','scorches','scorched','scorched','scorching';
verb 'scrape','scrapes','scraped','scraped','scraping';
verb 'scratch','scratches','scratched','scratched','scratching';
verb 'scream','screams','screamed','screamed','screaming';
verb 'screw','screws','screwwed','screwwed','screwwing';
verb 'scribble','scribbles','scribbled','scribbled','scribbling';
verb 'scrub','scrubs','scrubbed','scrubbed','scrubbing';
verb 'seal','seals','sealed','sealed','sealing';
verb 'search','searches','searched','searched','searching';
verb 'see','sees','saw','seen','seeing';
verb 'seek','seeks','sought','sought','seeking';
verb 'sell','sells','sold','sold','selling';
verb 'send','sends','sent','sent','sending';
verb 'separate','separates','separated','separated','separating';
verb 'serve','serves','served','served','serving';
verb 'settle','settles','settled','settled','settling';
verb 'sew','sews','sewed','sewn','sewwing';
verb 'shade','shades','shaded','shaded','shading';
verb 'shake','shakes','shook','shaken','shaking';
verb 'share','shares','shared','shared','sharing';
verb 'shave','shaves','shaved','shaved','shaving';
verb 'shear','shears','sheared','shorn','shearing';
verb 'shelter','shelters','sheltered','sheltered','sheltering';
verb 'shine','shines','shined','shined','shining';
verb 'shit','shits','shat','shat','shitting';
verb 'shiver','shivers','shivered','shivered','shivering';
verb 'shock','shocks','shocked','shocked','shocking';
verb 'shoot','shoots','shot','shot','shooting';
verb 'shop','shops','shopped','shopped','shopping';
verb 'show','shows','showed','shown','showwing';
verb 'shrink','shrinks','shrank','shrunk','shrinking';
verb 'shrug','shrugs','shrugged','shrugged','shrugging';
verb 'shut','shuts','shut','shut','shutting';
verb 'sigh','sighs','sighed','sighed','sighing';
verb 'sign','signs','signed','signed','signing';
verb 'signal','signals','signaled','signaled','signaling';
verb 'sin','sins','sinned','sinned','sinning';
verb 'sing','sings','sang','sung','singing';
verb 'sink','sinks','sank','sunk','sinking';
verb 'sip','sips','sipped','sipped','sipping';
verb 'sit','sits','sat','sat','sitting';
verb 'ski','skis','skied','skied','skiing';
verb 'skip','skips','skipped','skipped','skipping';
verb 'slap','slaps','slapped','slapped','slapping';
verb 'slay','slays','slew','slain','slaying';
verb 'sleep','sleeps','slept','slept','sleeping';
verb 'slide','slides','slid','slid','sliding';
verb 'slip','slips','slipped','slipped','slipping';
verb 'slow','slows','slowed','slowed','slowing';
verb 'smash','smashes','smashed','smashed','smashing';
verb 'smell','smells','smelled','smelled','smelling';
verb 'smile','smiles','smiled','smiled','smiling';
verb 'smoke','smokes','smoked','smoked','smoking';
verb 'snatch','snatches','snatched','snatched','snatching';
verb 'sneeze','sneezes','sneezed','sneezed','sneezing';
verb 'sniff','sniffs','sniffed','sniffed','sniffing';
verb 'snore','snores','snored','snored','snoring';
verb 'snow','snows','snowed','snowed','snowing';
verb 'soak','soaks','soaked','soaked','soaking';
verb 'soothe','soothes','soothed','soothed','soothing';
verb 'sound','sounds','sounded','sounded','sounding';
verb 'spare','spares','spared','spared','sparing';
verb 'spark','sparks','sparked','sparked','sparking';
verb 'sparkle','sparkles','sparkled','sparkled','sparkling';
verb 'speak','speaks','spoke','spoken','speaking';
verb 'spell','spells','spelled','spelled','spelling';
verb 'spend','spends','spent','spent','spending';
verb 'spill','spills','spilled','spilled','spilling';
verb 'spin','spins','spun','spun','spinning';
verb 'spit','spits','spat','spat','spitting';
verb 'spoil','spoils','spoiled','spoiled','spoiling';
verb 'spot','spots','spotted','spotted','spotting';
verb 'spray','sprays','sprayed','sprayed','spraying';
verb 'sprout','sprouts','sprouted','sprouted','sprouting';
verb 'squash','squashes','squashed','squashed','squashing';
verb 'squeak','squeaks','squeaked','squeaked','squeaking';
verb 'squeal','squeals','squealed','squealed','squealing';
verb 'squeeze','squeezes','squeezed','squeezed','squeezing';
verb 'stain','stains','stained','stained','staining';
verb 'stamp','stamps','stamped','stamped','stamping';
verb 'stand','stands','stood','stood','standing';
verb 'stare','stares','stared','stared','staring';
verb 'start','starts','started','started','starting';
verb 'stay','stays','stayed','stayed','staying';
verb 'steer','steers','steered','steered','steering';
verb 'step','steps','stepped','stepped','stepping';
verb 'stir','stirs','stirred','stirred','stirring';
verb 'stitch','stitches','stitched','stitched','stitching';
verb 'stop','stops','stopped','stopped','stopping';
verb 'store','stores','stored','stored','storing';
verb 'strap','straps','strapped','strapped','strapping';
verb 'strengthen','strengthens','strengthened','strengthened','strengthening';
verb 'stretch','stretches','stretched','stretched','stretching';
verb 'strip','strips','stripped','stripped','stripping';
verb 'stroke','strokes','stroked','stroked','stroking';
verb 'stuff','stuffs','stuffed','stuffed','stuffing';
verb 'subtract','subtracts','subtracted','subtracted','subtracting';
verb 'succeed','succeeds','succeeded','succeeded','succeeding';
verb 'suck','sucks','sucked','sucked','sucking';
verb 'suffer','suffers','suffered','suffered','suffering';
verb 'suggest','suggests','suggested','suggested','suggesting';
verb 'suit','suits','suited','suited','suiting';
verb 'supply','supplies','supplied','supplied','supplying';
verb 'support','supports','supported','supported','supporting';
verb 'suppose','supposes','supposed','supposed','supposing';
verb 'surprise','surprises','surprised','surprised','surprising';
verb 'surround','surrounds','surrounded','surrounded','surrounding';
verb 'suspect','suspects','suspected','suspected','suspecting';
verb 'suspend','suspends','suspended','suspended','suspending';
verb 'swell','swells','swelled','swollen','swelling';
verb 'swim','swims','swam','swum','swimming';
verb 'switch','switches','switched','switched','switching';
verb 'take','takes','took','taken','taking';
verb 'talk','talks','talked','talked','talking';
verb 'tame','tames','tamed','tamed','taming';
verb 'tap','taps','tapped','tapped','tapping';
verb 'taste','tastes','tasted','tasted','tasting';
verb 'teach','teaches','taught','taught','teaching';
verb 'tear','tears','tore','torn','tearing';
verb 'tease','teases','teased','teased','teasing';
verb 'telephone','telephones','telephoned','telephoned','telephoning';
verb 'tell','tells','told','told','telling';
verb 'tempt','tempts','tempted','tempted','tempting';
verb 'terrify','terrifies','terrified','terrified','terrifying';
verb 'test','tests','tested','tested','testing';
verb 'thank','thanks','thanked','thanked','thanking';
verb 'thaw','thaws','thawwed','thawwed','thawwing';
verb 'think','thinks','thought','thought','thinking';
verb 'thrive','thrives','throve','thriven','thriving';
verb 'throw','throws','threw','thrown','throwwing';
verb 'tick','ticks','ticked','ticked','ticking';
verb 'tickle','tickles','tickled','tickled','tickling';
verb 'tie','ties','tied','tied','tying';
verb 'time','times','timed','timed','timing';
verb 'tip','tips','tipped','tipped','tipping';
verb 'tire','tires','tired','tired','tiring';
verb 'touch','touches','touched','touched','touching';
verb 'tour','tours','toured','toured','touring';
verb 'tow','tows','towed','towed','towing';
verb 'trace','traces','traced','traced','tracing';
verb 'trade','trades','traded','traded','trading';
verb 'train','trains','trained','trained','training';
verb 'transport','transports','transported','transported','transporting';
verb 'trap','traps','trapped','trapped','trapping';
verb 'travel','travels','traveled','traveled','traveling';
verb 'treat','treats','treated','treated','treating';
verb 'tremble','trembles','trembled','trembled','trembling';
verb 'trick','tricks','tricked','tricked','tricking';
verb 'trip','trips','tripped','tripped','tripping';
verb 'trot','trots','trotted','trotted','trotting';
verb 'trouble','troubles','troubled','troubled','troubling';
verb 'trust','trusts','trusted','trusted','trusting';
verb 'try','tries','tried','tried','trying';
verb 'tug','tugs','tugged','tugged','tugging';
verb 'tumble','tumbles','tumbled','tumbled','tumbling';
verb 'turn','turns','turned','turned','turning';
verb 'twist','twists','twisted','twisted','twisting';
verb 'type','types','typed','typed','typing';
verb 'undress','undresses','undressed','undressed','undressing';
verb 'unfasten','unfastens','unfastened','unfastened','unfastening';
verb 'unite','unites','united','united','uniting';
verb 'unlock','unlocks','unlocked','unlocked','unlocking';
verb 'unpack','unpacks','unpacked','unpacked','unpacking';
verb 'untidy','untidies','untidied','untidied','untidying';
verb 'use','uses','used','used','using';
verb 'vanish','vanishes','vanished','vanished','vanishing';
verb 'visit','visits','visited','visited','visiting';
verb 'wail','wails','wailed','wailed','wailing';
verb 'wait','waits','waited','waited','waiting';
verb 'walk','walks','walked','walked','walking';
verb 'wander','wanders','wandered','wandered','wandering';
verb 'want','wants','wanted','wanted','wanting';
verb 'warm','warms','warmed','warmed','warming';
verb 'warn','warns','warned','warned','warning';
verb 'wash','washes','washed','washed','washing';
verb 'waste','wastes','wasted','wasted','wasting';
verb 'watch','watches','watched','watched','watching';
verb 'water','waters','watered','watered','watering';
verb 'wave','waves','waved','waved','waving';
verb 'weigh','weighs','weighed','weighed','weighing';
verb 'welcome','welcomes','welcomed','welcomed','welcoming';
verb 'whine','whines','whined','whined','whining';
verb 'whip','whips','whipped','whipped','whipping';
verb 'whirl','whirls','whirled','whirled','whirling';
verb 'whisper','whispers','whispered','whispered','whispering';
verb 'whistle','whistles','whistled','whistled','whistling';
verb 'win','wins','won','won','winning';
verb 'wink','winks','winked','winked','winking';
verb 'wipe','wipes','wiped','wiped','wiping';
verb 'wish','wishes','wished','wished','wishing';
verb 'wobble','wobbles','wobbled','wobbled','wobbling';
verb 'wonder','wonders','wondered','wondered','wondering';
verb 'work','works','worked','worked','working';
verb 'worry','worries','worried','worried','worrying';
verb 'wrap','wraps','wrapped','wrapped','wrapping';
verb 'wreck','wrecks','wrecked','wrecked','wrecking';
verb 'wrestle','wrestles','wrestled','wrestled','wrestling';
verb 'wriggle','wriggles','wriggled','wriggled','wriggling';
verb 'wring','wrings','wrung','wrung','wringing';
verb 'write','writes','wrote','written','writing';
verb 'x-ray','x-rays','x-rayed','x-rayed','x-raying';
verb 'yawn','yawns','yawned','yawned','yawning';
verb 'yell','yells','yelled','yelled','yelling';
verb 'zip','zips','zipped','zipped','zipping';
verb 'zoom','zooms','zoomed','zoomed','zooming';




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