File Coverage

blib/lib/Data/Enumerable/Lazy.pm

Criterion	Covered	Total	%
statement	178	189	94.1
branch	44	62	70.9
condition	31	49	63.2
subroutine	61	64	95.3
pod	26	28	92.8
total	340	392	86.7

package Data::Enumerable::Lazy;

use 5.18.2;

use strict;
use warnings;

our $VERSION = '0.031';

=pod

=head1 NAME

Data::Enumerable::Lazy - Lazy generator + enumerable for Perl5.

=head1 SYNOPSIS

A basic lazy range implementation picking even numbers only:

  my ($from, $to) = (0, 10);
  my $current = $from;
  my $tream = Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    on_has_next => sub { $current <= $to          },
    on_next     => sub { shift->yield($current++) },
  })->grep(sub{ shift % 2 == 0 });
  $tream->to_list(); # generates: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

=head2 DESCRIPTION

This library is another one implementation of a lazy generator + enumerable
for Perl5. It might be handy if the elements of the collection are resolved on
the flight and the iteration itself should be hidden from the end users.

The enumerables are single-pass composable calculation units. What it means:
An enumerable is stateful, once it reached the end of the sequence, it will
not rewind to the beginning unless explicitly forced to.
Enumerables are composable: one enumerable might be an extension of another by
applying some additional logic. Enumerables resolve steps on demand, one by one.
A single step might return another enumerable (micro batches). The library
flattens these enumerables, so for the end user this looks like a single
continuous sequence of elements.


  [enumerable.has_next] -> [_buffer.has_next] -> yes -> return true
                                              -> no -> result = [enumerable.on_has_next] -> return result

  [enumerable.next] -> [_buffer.has_next] -> yes -> return [_buffer.next]
                                          -> no -> result = [enumerable.next] -> [enumerable.set_buffer(result)] -> return result

=head1 EXAMPLES

=head2 A basic range

This example implements a range generator from $from until $to. In order to
generate this range we define 2 callbacks: C and C.
The first one is used as point of truth whether the sequence has any more
non-iterated elements, and the 2nd one is here to return the next element in
the sequence and the one that changes the state of the internal sequence
iterator.

  sub basic_range {
    my ($from, $to) = @_;
    $from <= $to or die '$from should be less or equal $to';
    my $current = $from;
    Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
      on_has_next => sub {
        return $current <= $to;
      },
      on_next => sub {
        my ($self) = @_;
        return $self->yield($current++);
      },
    });
  }

on_has_next() makes sure the current value does not exceed $to value, and
on_next() yields the next value of the sequence. Note the yield method.
An enumerable developer is expected to use this method in order to return
the next step value. This method does some internal bookkeeping and smart
caching.

Usage:

  # We initialize a new range generator from 0 to 10 including.
  my $range = basic_range(0, 10);
  # We check if the sequence has elements in it's tail.
  while ($range->has_next) {
    # In this very line the state of $range is being changed
    say $range->next;
  }

  is $range->has_next, 0, '$range has been iterated completely'
  is $range->next, undef, 'A fully iterated sequence returns undef on next()'

=head2 Prime numbers

Prime numbers is an infinite sequence of natural numbers. This example
implements a very naive suboptimal prime number generator.

  my $prime_num_stream = Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    # This is an infinite sequence
    on_has_next => sub { 1 },
    on_next => sub {
      my $self = shift;
      # We save the result of the previous step
      my $next = $self->{_prev_} // 1;
      LOOKUP: while (1) {
        $next++;
        # Check all numbers from 2 to sqrt(N)
        foreach (2..floor(sqrt($next))) {
          ($next % $_ == 0) and next LOOKUP;
        }
        last LOOKUP;
      }
      # Save the result in order to use it in the next step
      $self->{_prev_} = $next;
      # Return the result
      $self->yield($next);
    },
  });

What's remarkable regarding this specific example is that one can not simply
call C in order to get all elements of the sequence. The enumerable
will throw an exception claiming it's an infinitive sequence. Therefore, we
should use C in order to get elements one by one or use another handy
method C which returns first N results.

=head2 Flat enumeration (Nested generators)

In this example we will output a numbers of a multiplication table 10x10.
What's interesting in this example is that there are 2 levels of sequences:
primary and secondary. Primary C returns secondary sequence, which
multiplicates 2 numbers..

  # A new stream based on a range from 1 to 10
  my $mult_table = Data::Enumerable::Lazy->from_list(1..10)->continue({
    on_has_next => sub {
      my ($self, $i) = @_;
      # The primary stream returns another sequence, based on range
      $self->yield(Data::Enumerable::Lazy->from_list(1..10)->continue({
        on_next => sub {
          # $_[0] is a substream self
          # $_[1] is a next substream sequence element
          $_[0]->yield( $_[1] * $i )
        },
      }));
    },
  });

Another feature which is represented here is the nested result generation.
Let's walk trough the sequence generation step by step and see what happens.

  $mult_table->has_next; # returns true based on the primary range, _buffer is
                         # empty
  $mult_table->next;     # returns 1, the secondary sequence is now stored as
                         # the primary enumerable buffer and 1 is being served
                         # from this buffer
  $mult_table->has_next; # returns true, resolved by the state of the buffer
  $mult_table->next;     # returns 2, moves buffer iterator forward, the
                         # primary sequence on_next() is _not_ being called
                         # this time
  $mult_table->next for (3..10); # The last iteration completes the buffer
                         # iteration cycle
  $mult_table->has_next; # returns true, but now it calls the primary
                         # on_has_next()
  $mult_table->next;     # returns 2 as the first element in the next
                         # secondary sequence (which is 1 again) multiplied by
                         # the 2nd element of the primary sequence (which is 2)
  $mult_table->to_list;  # Generates the tail of the sesquence:
                         # [4, 6, ..., 80, 90, 100]
  $mult_table->has_next; # returns false as the buffer is empty now and the
                         # primary sequence on_has_next() says there is nothing
                         # more to iterate over.

=head2 DBI paginator example

As mentioned earlier, lazy enumerables are useful when the number of the
elements in the sequence is not known in advance. So far, we were looking at
some synthetic examples, but the majority of us are not being paid for prime
number generators. Hands on some real life example. Say, we have a table and
we want to iterate over all entries in the table, and we want the data to be
retrieved in batches by 10 elements in order to reduce the number of queries.
We don't want to compute the number of steps in advance, as the number might
be inaccurate: let's assume we're paginating over some new tweets and the new
entries might be created on the flight.

  use DBI;
  my $dbh = setup_dbh(); # Some config

  my $last_id = -1;
  my $limit = 10;
  my $offset = 0;
  my $tweet_enum = Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    on_has_next => sub {
      my $sth = $dbh->prepare('SELECT count(1) from Tweets where id > ?');
      $sth->execute($last_id);
      my ($cnt) = $sth->fetchrow_array;
      return int($cnt) > 0;
    },
    on_next => sub {
      my ($self) = @_;
      my $sth = $dbh->prepare('SELECT * from Tweets ORDER BY id LIMIT ? OFFSET ?');
      $sth->execute($lmit, $offset);
      $offset += $limit;
      my @tweets = $sth->fetchrow_array;
      $last_id = $tweets[-1]->{id};
      $self->yield(Data::Enumerable::Lazy->from_list(@tweets));
    },
    is_finite => 1,
  });

  while ($tweet_enum->has_next) {
    my $tweet = $tweet_enum->next;
    # do something with this tweet
  }

In this example a tweet consumer is abstracted from any DBI bookkeeping and
consumes tweet entries one by one without any prior knowledge about the table
size and might work on a rapidly growing dataset.

In order to reduce the number of queries, we query the data in batches by 10
elements max.

=head2 Redis queue consumer

  use Redis;

  my $redis = Redis->new;
  my $queue_enum = Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    on_has_next => sub { 1 },
    on_next => sub {
      # Blocking right POP
      $redis->brpop();
    },
  });

  while (my $queue_item = $queue_enum->next) {
    # do something with the queue item
  }

In this example the client is blocked until there is an element available in
the queue, but it's hidden away from the clients who consume the data item by
item.

=head2 Kafka example

Kafka consumer wrapper is another example of a lazy calculation application.
Lazy enumerables are very naturally co-operated with streaming data, like
Kafka. In this example we're fetching batches of messages from Kafka topic,
grep out corrupted ones and proceed with the mesages.

  use Kafka qw($DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES);
  use Kafka::Connection;
  use Kafka::Consumer;

  my $kafka_consumer = Kafka::Consumer->new(
    Connection => Kafka::Connection->new( host => 'localhost', ),
  );

  my $partition = 0;
  my $offset = 0;
  my $kafka_enum = Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    on_has_next => sub { 1 },
    on_next => sub {
      my ($self) = @_;
      # Fetch messages in batch
      my $messages = $kafka_consumer->fetch({
        'topic',
        $partition,
        $offset,
        $DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES
      });
      if ($messages) {
        # Note the grep function applied: we're filtering away corrupted messages
        $self->yield(Data::Enumerable::Lazy->from_list(@$messages))->grep(sub { $_[0]->valid });
      } else {
        # If there are no more messages, we return an empty enum, this is
        # another handy use-case for nested enums.
        $self->yield(Data::Enumerable::Lazy->empty);
      }
    },
  });

  while (my $message = $kafka_enum->next) {
    # handle the message
  }

=cut

=head1 INSTALLATION

To install this module type the following:
  perl Makefile.PL
  make
  make test
  make install

=cut

use Carp;
use List::Util;

sub new {
  my ($class, $opts) = @_;
  return bless({ _opts => $opts, _buff => undef }, $class);
}

=head1 OPTIONS

=head2 on_next($self, $element) :: CodeRef -> Data::Enumerable::Lazy | Any

C is a code ref, a callback which is being called every time the
generator is in demand for a new bit of data. Enumerable buffers up the result
of the previous calculation and if there are no more elements left in the
buffer, C would be called.

C<$element> is defined when the current collection is a contuniation of another
enumerable. I.e.:
  my $enum = Data::Enumerable::Lazy->from_list(1, 2, 3);
  my $enum2 = $enum->continue({
    on_next => sub { my ($self, $i) = @_; $self->yield($i * $i) }
  });
  $enum2->to_list; # generates 1, 4, 9
In this case $i would be defined and it comes from the original enumerable.

The function is supposed to return an enumerable, in this case it would be
kept as the buffer object. If this function method returns any other value,
it would be wrapped in a Csingular()>. There is a
way to prevent an enumerable from wrapping your return value in an enum and
keeping it in a raw state by providing C.

=cut

sub on_next { $_[0]->{_opts}->{on_next} // sub {} }

=head2 on_has_next($self) :: CodeRef -> Bool

C is a code ref, a callback to be called whenever the enumerable
is about to resolve C method call. Similar to C call,
this one is also triggered whenever an enumerable runs out of buffered
elements. The function shoiuld return boolean.

A method that returns 1 all the time is the way to initialize an infinite
enumerable (see C). If it returns 0 no matter what, it would be
an empty enumerable (see C). Normally you want to stay somewhere in
the middle and implement some state check login in there.

=cut

sub on_has_next { $_[0]->{_opts}->{on_has_next} // sub {0} }

=head2 on_reset($self) :: CodeRef -> void

This is a callback to be called in order to reset the state of the enumerable.
This callback should be defined in the same scope as the enumerable itself.
The library provides nothing magical but a callback and a handle to call it,
so the state cleanup is completely on the developer's side.

=cut

sub on_reset { $_[0]->{_opts}->{on_reset} // sub {} }

=head2 is_finite :: Bool

A boolean flag indicating whether an enumerable is finite or not. By default
enumerables are treated as infinite, which means some functions will throw
an exception, like: C or C.

Make sure to not mark an enumerable as finite and to call finite-size defined
methods, in this case it will create an infinite loop on the resolution.

=cut

sub is_finite { $_[0]->{_opts}->{is_finite} // 0 }

sub no_wrap { $_[0]->{_opts}->{no_wrap} // 0 }

=head1 INSTANCE METHODS

=head2 next()

Function C is the primary interface for accessing elements of an
enumerable. It will do some internal checks and if there is no elements to be
served from an intermediate buffer, it will resolve the next step by calling
C callback.
Enumerables are composable: one enumerable might be based on another
enumeration. E.g.: a sequence of natural number squares is based on the
sequence of natural numbers themselves. In other words, a sequence is defined
as a tuple of another sequence and a function which would be lazily applied to
every element of this sequence.

C accepts 0 or more arguments, which would be passed to C
callback.

C is expected to do the heavy-lifting job in opposite to C,
which is supposed to be cheap and fast. This statement flips upside down
whenever C is applied to a stream. See C for more details.

=cut

sub next {
  my $self = shift;
  my $res;
  unless ($self->{_buff} && $self->{_buff}->has_next()) {
    $res = $self->on_next()->($self, @_);
    $self->{_buff} = $res
      unless $self->no_wrap();
  }
  my $return = $self->no_wrap() ? $res : $self->{_buff}->next();
  return $return;
}

=head2 has_next()

C is the primary entry point to get an information about the state
of an enumerable. If the method returned false, there are no more elements to be
consumed. I.e. the sequence has been iterated completely. Normally it means
the end of an iteration cycle.

Enumerables use internal buffers in order to support batched C
resolutions. If there are some elements left in the buffer, C
won't call C callback immediately. If the buffer has been
iterated completely, C would be called.

C should be fast on resolving the state of an enumerable as it's going
to be used for a condition state check.

=cut

sub has_next {
  my $self = shift;
  my $res;
  eval {
    $res = $self->_has_next_in_buffer()    ||
           $self->_has_next_in_generator();
    1;
  } or do {
    croak sprintf('Problem calling on_has_next(): %s', $@ // 'zombie error');
  };
  return int $res;
}

=head2 reset()

This method is a generic entry point for a enum reset. In fact, it is basically
a wrapper around user-defined C. Use with caution: if C
was not defined, it will reset the buffer and might cause a partial calculation
skip (reset implicitly clears the internal buffer) if the buffer was not fully
iterated yet.

=cut

sub reset {
  my $self = shift;
  $self->{_buff} = undef;
  eval { $self->on_reset(); 1 } or do {
    croak sprintf('Problem calling on_reset(): %s', $@ // 'zombie error');
  };
}

=head2 to_list()

This function transforms a lazy enumerable to a list. Only finite enumerables
can be transformed to a list, so the method checks if an enumerable is created
with C flag. An exception would be thrown otherwise.

=cut

sub to_list {
  my ($self) = @_;
  croak 'Only finite enumerables might be converted to list. Use is_finite=1'
    unless $self->is_finite();
  my @acc;
  push @acc, $self->next() while $self->has_next();
  return \@acc;
}

=head2 map($callback)

Creates a new enumerable by applying a user-defined function to the original
enumerable. Works the same way as perl map {} function but it's lazy.

Example
  Data::Enumerable::Lazy
    ->from_array(1, 2, 3)
    ->map(sub {
      my ($number) = @_;
      return $number * $number
    });

=cut

sub map {
  my ($self, $callback) = @_;
  Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    on_has_next => $self->on_has_next(),
    on_next     => sub { shift->yield($callback->($self->next())) },
    is_finite   => $self->is_finite(),
    no_wrap    => $self->no_wrap(),
  });
}

=head2 reduce($acc, $callback)

Resolves the enumerable and returns the resulting state of the accumulator $acc
provided as the 1st argument. C<$callback> should always return the new state of
C<$acc>.

C is defined for finite enumerables only.

Example
  Data::Enumerable::Lazy
    ->from_array(1, 2, 3)
    ->reduce(1, sub {
      my ($acc, $number) = @_;
      return $acc *= $number
    });

=cut

sub reduce {
  my ($self, $acc, $callback) = @_;
  croak 'Only finite enumerables might be reduced. Use is_finite=1'
    unless $self->is_finite();
  ($acc = $callback->($acc, $self->next())) while $self->has_next();
  return $acc;
}

=head2 grep($callback, $max_lookahead)

C is a function which returns a new enumerable by applying a
user-defined filter function.

C might be applied to both finite and infinite enumerables. In case of
an infinitive enumerable there is an additional argument specifying max number
of lookahead steps. If an element satisfying the condition could not be found in
C steps, an enumerable is considered to be completely iterated
and C will return false.

C returns a new enumerable with quite special properties: C
will perform a look ahead and call the original enumerable C method
in order to find an element for which the user-defined function will return
true. C, on the other side, returns the value that was pre-fetched
by C.

Example
  Data::Enumerable::Lazy
    ->from_list(1, 2, 3)
    ->grep(sub {
      my ($number) = @_;
      return $number % 2
    });

=cut

sub grep {
  my ($self, $callback, $max_lookahead) = @_;
  my $next;
  my $initialized = 0;
  $max_lookahead //= 0;
  $max_lookahead = 0
    if $self->is_finite;
  my $prev_has_next;
  Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    on_has_next => sub {
      defined $prev_has_next
        and return $prev_has_next;
      my $ix = 0;
      $initialized = 1;
      undef $next;
      while ($self->has_next()) {
        if ($max_lookahead > 0) {
          $ix > $max_lookahead
            and do {
              carp sprintf 'Max lookahead steps cnt reached. Bailing out';
              return $prev_has_next = 0;
            };
        }
        $next = $self->next();
        $callback->($next) and last;
        undef $next;
        $ix++;
      }
      return $prev_has_next = (defined $next);
    },
    on_next => sub {
      my $self = shift;
      $initialized or $self->has_next();
      undef $prev_has_next;
      $self->yield($next);
    },
    is_finite => $self->is_finite(),
    no_wrap => $self->no_wrap(),
  });
}

=head2 resolve()

Resolves an enumerable completely. Applicable for finite enumerables only.
The method returns nothing.

=cut

sub resolve {
  my ($self) = @_;
  croak 'Only finite enumerables might be resolved. Use is_finite=1'
    unless $self->is_finite();
  $self->next() while $self->has_next();
}

=head2 take($N_elements)

Resolves first $N_elements and returns the resulting list. If there are
fewer than N elements in the enumerable, the entire enumerable would be
returned as a list.

=cut

sub take {
  my ($self, $slice_size) = @_;
  my $ix = 0;
  my @acc;
  push @acc, $self->next() while ($self->has_next() && $ix++ < $slice_size);
  return \@acc;
}

=head2 take_while($callback)

This function takes elements until it meets the first one that does not
satisfy the conditional callback.
The callback takes only 1 argument: an element. It should return true if
the element should be taken. Once it returned false, the stream is over.

=cut

sub take_while {
  my ($self, $callback) = @_;
  my $next_el;
  my $prev_has_next;
  my $initialized = 0;
  Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    on_has_next => sub {
      $initialized = 1;
      defined $prev_has_next
        and return $prev_has_next;
      $prev_has_next = 0;
      if ($self->has_next()) {
        $next_el = $self->next();
        if ($callback->($next_el)) {
          $prev_has_next = 1;
        }
      }
      return $prev_has_next;
    },
    on_next => sub {
      my ($new_self) = @_;
      $initialized or $new_self->has_next();
      $prev_has_next
        or return $new_self->yield(Data::Enumerable::Lazy->empty());
      undef $prev_has_next;
      $new_self->yield($next_el);
    },
    is_finite => $self->is_finite(),
  });
}

=head2 continue($ext = %{ on_next => sub {}, ... })

Creates a new enumerable by extending the existing one. on_next is
the only manfatory argument. on_has_next might be overriden if some
custom logic comes into play.

is_finite is inherited from the parent enumerable by default. All additional
attributes would be transparently passed to the constuctor.

=cut

sub continue {
  my ($this, $ext) = @_;
  my %ext = %$ext;
  my $on_next = delete $ext{on_next}
    or croak '`on_next` should be defined on stream continuation';
  ref($on_next) eq 'CODE'
    or croak '`on_next` should be a function';
  Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    on_next => sub {
      my $self = shift;
      $self->yield(
        $this->has_next() ?
          $on_next->($self, $this->next()) :
          Data::Enumerable::Lazy->empty
      );
    },
    on_has_next => delete $ext->{on_has_next} // $this->on_has_next(),
    is_finite   => delete $ext->{is_finite}   // $this->is_finite(),
    no_wrap     => delete $ext->{no_wrap}     // 0,
    %ext,
  });
}

=head2 count()

Counts the number of the elements in the stream. This method iterates through
the stream so it makes it exhausted by the end of the computatuion.

=cut

sub count {
  my ($self) = @_;
  croak 'Only finite enumerables might be counted. Use is_finite=1'
    unless $self->is_finite();
  my $cnt = 0;
  for (; $self->has_next(); $self->next()) {
    $cnt++;
  }
  return $cnt;
}

=head2 yield($result)

This method is supposed to be called from C callback only. This is
the only valid result for an Enumerable to return the next step result.
Effectively, it ensures the returned result conforms to the required interface
and is wrapped in a lazy wrapper if needed.

=cut

sub yield {
  my $self = shift;
  my $val = shift;
  my $val_is_stream = $val && ref($val) eq 'Data::Enumerable::Lazy' &&
    $val->isa('Data::Enumerable::Lazy');
  if ($self->no_wrap() || $val_is_stream) {
    return $val;
  } else {
    return Data::Enumerable::Lazy->singular($val);
  }
}

# Private methods

sub _has_next_in_buffer {
  my $self = shift;
  defined($self->{_buff}) && $self->{_buff}->has_next();
}

sub _has_next_in_generator {
  my $self = shift;
  $self->on_has_next()->($self, @_);
}

=head1 CLASS METHODS

=head2 empty()

Returns an empty enumerable. Effectively it means an equivalent of an empty
array. C will return false and C will return undef. Useful
whenever a C step wants to return an empty resultset.

=cut

sub empty {
  Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    is_finite   => 1,
    no_wrap    => 1,
  });
}

=head2 singular($val)

Returns an enumerable with a single element $val. Actively used as an internal
data container.

=cut

sub singular {
  my ($class, $val) = @_;
  my $resolved = 0;
  Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    on_has_next => sub { not $resolved },
    on_next     => sub { $resolved = 1; shift->yield($val) },
    is_finite   => 1,
    no_wrap    => 1,
  });
}

=head2 from_list(@list)

Returns a new enumerable instantiated from a list. The easiest way to
initialize an enumerable. In fact, all elements are already resolved
so this method sets C by default.

=cut

sub from_list {
  my $class = shift;
  my @list = @_;
  my $ix = 0;
  Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    on_has_next => sub { $ix < scalar(@list) },
    on_next     => sub { shift->yield($list[$ix++]) },
    is_finite   => 1,
    no_wrap    => 1,
  });
}

=head2 cycle()

Creates an infinitive enumerable by cycling the original list. E.g. if the
original list is [1, 2, 3], C will generate an infinitive sequences
like: 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, ...

=cut

sub cycle {
  my $class = shift;
  my @list = @_;
  my $ix = 0;
  my $max_ix = scalar(@list) - 1;
  Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    on_has_next => sub { 1 },
    on_next     => sub {
      $ix = $ix > $max_ix ? 0 : $ix;
      shift->yield($list[$ix++])
    },
    is_finite   => 0,
    no_wrap    => 1,
  });
}

=head2 infinity()

Returns a new infinite enumerable. C always returns true whereas
C returns undef all the time. Useful as an extension basis for infinite
sequences.

=cut

sub infinity {
  my $class = shift;
  Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    on_has_next => sub { 1 },
    on_next     => sub {},
    is_finite  => 0,
    no_wrap    => 1,
  });
}

=head2 merge($tream1 [, $tream2 [, $tream3 [, ...]]])

This function merges one or more streams together by fan-outing C
method call among the non-empty streams.
Returns a new enumerable instance, which:
  * Has next elements as far as at least one of the streams does.
  * Returns next element py picking it one-by-one from the streams.
  * Is finite if and only if all the streams are finite.
If one of the streams is over, it would be taken into account and
C will continue choosing from non-empty ones.

=cut

sub merge {
  my $class = shift;
  my @streams = @_;
  scalar @streams == 0
    and croak '`merge` function takes at least 1 stream';
  scalar @streams == 1
    and return shift;
  my $ixs = Data::Enumerable::Lazy->cycle(0..scalar(@streams) - 1)
      -> take_while(sub { List::Util::any { $_->has_next() } @streams })
      -> grep(sub { $streams[ shift ]->has_next() });
  Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    on_has_next => sub { $ixs->has_next() },
    on_next     => sub {
      shift->yield($streams[ $ixs->next() ]->next());
    },
    is_finite   => (List::Util::reduce { $a || $b->is_finite() } 0, @streams),
  });
}

=head2 chain($tream1(, $tream2(, $tream3(, ...))))

Executes streams sequentually, one after another: the next stream starts once
the previous is over.

=cut

sub chain {
  my $class = shift;
  my @streams = @_;
  scalar(@streams) < 2
    and return $streams[0];
  Data::Enumerable::Lazy->from_list(@streams)
    -> continue({
        on_next => sub { $_[0]->yield($_[1]) }
      })
    -> grep(sub { defined $_[0] })
}

=head2 from_text_file($file_handle(, $options))

Method takes an open file handle and an optional hash of options and creates a
stream of it. The file would be read as a text file, line by line. For
additional options see C perl core function reference.
Options is a basic hash, supported attributes are:
  * chomp     :: Bool | Whether the lines should be chomped, 0 by default.
  * is_finite :: Bool | Forces the stream to be processed as finite, 0 by default.

=cut

sub from_text_file {
  my ($class, $file_handle, $options) = @_;
  $options //= +{};
  my $str = Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    on_has_next => sub { !eof($file_handle) },
    on_next     => sub {
      my $line = readline($file_handle);
      $_[0]->yield($line);
    },
    is_finite   => $options->{is_finite} // 0,
  });
  if ($options->{chomp}) {
    $str = $str->map(sub { my $s = $_[0]; chomp $s; $s });
  }
  return $str;
}

=head2 from_bin_file($file_handle(, $options))

Method similar to C but forces binary reading from file.
Takes a file handle created by C function and an optional hash of
options. Supported attributes are:
  * block_size :: Integer | The size of read block, 1024 bytes by default.
  * is_finite  :: Bool    | Forces the stream to be processed as finite, 0 by default.

=cut

sub from_bin_file {
  my ($class, $file_handle, $options) = @_;
  $options //= +{};
  my $block_size = $options->{block_size} // 1024;
  Data::Enumerable::Lazy->new({
    on_has_next => sub { !eof($file_handle) },
    on_next     => sub {
      my $buf;
      read($file_handle, $buf, $block_size);
      $_[0]->yield($buf);
    },
    is_finite   => $options->{is_finite} // 0,
  })
}

=head1 AUTHOR

Oleg S

=cut

=head1 SEE ALSO

=head2 Lazy evaluation in a nutshell

L

=head2 Library GitHub page:

L

=head2 Alternative implementations:

L
L
L

=cut

=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Copyright 2017, 2018 Oleg S

Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are
permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright notice and this
notice are preserved. This file is offered as-is, without any warranty.

=cut

1;

__END__